Historiography of Contemporary Europe Reconsidered from the Viewpoint of the Concepts of Time

本研究集中从时间观念的角度重新审视当代欧洲三位有代表性的历史学家的历史观。这些历史学家是：Karl Lamprecht（德国）、Arnold J. Toynbee（英国）和Fertight Braudel（法国）。关于兰普雷希特，我注意到文化传播的两个渠道，即空间渠道和时间渠道。汤因比将这种通过时间渠道的传播称为“文艺复兴”。在不受兰普雷希特影响的情况下，汤因比也将“文艺复兴”的思想构想为“时间维度上文明之间的接触”。在布罗代尔看来，两种文明的“从属关系”是这一现象产生的前提条件，由于他把“古文明”也纳入这一范畴，因而在时间上两种“从属关系”文明的接触概念似乎出现了一些混乱。他的主要著作《地中海和菲利普二世时代的地中海世界》所揭示的历史世界是由时间的三个层次构成的。在这本书的第一版（1949年）中，这些是“地理时间”，“社会时间”和“个人时间（事件的历史）”。自1963年第二版以来，这些被改变为“长时间跨度的历史（长duree），”猜想的历史“和”事件的历史“。这一修改使他的思想的关键部分变得混乱。我试图表明，尽管有这种混乱，他对历史事件的批评仍然是一样的，并与他的时间概念密切相关。

This study is concentrated to reconsider from the viewpoint of the concepts of time the ideas on history of three representative historians of contemporary Europe. These historians are : Karl Lamprecht (Germany), Arnold J. Toynbee (England) and Fernand Braudel (France). As regards Lamprecht, I have paid attention to the fact that be assumed two channels of the transmission of cultures, namely the channel of space and the channel of time. He called the transmission through the channel of time "renaissance".Without being influenced by Lamprecht, Toynbee also conceived the idea of "renaissance" as "the contact between civilizations in the Time-dimension". For him, the "apparentation and affiliation" of two civilizations are the prerequisite of this phenomenon.Because he also included "archaism" into this category, some confusion seems to have occurred in the concept of the contact of two "apparented and affiliated" civilizations in Time.For Braudel, the concept of time occupies a central position in his ideas of his-tory as a whole. His world of history descripted in his main work "The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II" is composed of the three layers of time. In the first edition of this book (1949), these were "geographical time", "social time" and "individual time (history of events)". Since the second edition (1963), these were changed into "history of long timl-span (long duree), "history of conjecture" and "history of events". This revision brought confusion to the pivotal part of his ideas. I have tried to make clear that in spite of this confusion his criticism of the history of events remained the same and was closely connected with his concepts of time.