REGENERATION OF AGRO-FOREST-ECOSYSTEMS IN SUBSAHARAN AFRICA

导读：通过亚洲低地水稻、Sawah水稻种植和热带非洲本土农业系统的培育，似乎很有希望解决西非的粮食和环境危机。在本报告中，Nupe的土著水稻种植系统被描述为通过跨越热带亚洲和非洲之间的文化来寻找长期可持续农业系统的方法。材料与方法：选取典型的努佩村加扎村进行深入调查。该村位于西非尼日利亚中部尼日尔州Nyenkpata河流域的中部。主要的少数民族是努普稻农和富拉尼牛牧民。1994年8 - 12月和1995年6 - 11月分别进行人种学调查。从当地农民那里收集了Nupe语言的土壤、拓扑序列、分类和土地利用信息，并详细描述了Nupe低地耕作系统的特征。结果和讨论：nuupe的旱作农业…More的特点是灌木休耕间作系统，种植谷物，如高粱、小米和玉米，以及蔬菜，如花生、秋葵、洋葱、菠菜、甘薯和豇豆。在低地，在雨季，农民种植水稻，在旱季生产蔬菜，形成许多类型的山脊和土丘。在低地上观察到七种整地形式。这些是；Togoko kuru, Togogi kuru, Togoko naafena, Togogi naafena, eoko， Baragi和Gbaragi（图1）。这些形态的分化似乎与微地形序列和水分状况有关。在种植旱季作物之前，Nupe农民会把它们堆成土墩或山脊，或者两者都堆起来，然后在收获后将它们分解并铺开土壤，为雨季种植水稻做准备。每种形式根据水稻和杂草的生长、水分条件和作物品种的不同而随季节变化（图2）。在农作旺季，这也是一种省力的方法。操作日期会根据每份表格而改变。移动土壤在控制杂草、改善土壤营养和物理特性、保持水土条件方面具有一定的效果。Nupe对土壤和土地浮雕有详细的分类。他们还认识到，土壤类型沿着地形序列是不同的。他们对土壤的评价似乎与粘土含量密切相关。Nupe在低地水稻种植系统中拥有先进的技能。他们以水稻为基础的本土耕作系统是最先进和适应性最强的土壤管理系统，适合西非几内亚热带稀树草原地区的沙质和低营养土壤以及可变降雨等生态环境。少

Introduction : It seems very promising to solve food and environmental crisis in West Africa by breeding of Asian lowland paddy, Sawah, based rice farming with the indigenous farming systems of tropical Africa. In this report, Nupe's indigenous rice farming systems were characterized to find ways for long-term sustainable farming systems through crossing the cultures between tropical Asia and Africa.Materials and Methods : A typical Nupe village, Gadza was selected for intensive survey. The village is located the middle of the Nyenkpata river watershed, Niger State, Central Nigeria, West Africa. Major ethnic groups are Nupe rice-based farmers and Fulani cattle nomad. Ethnopedological surveys were done during August to December in 1994 and June to November in 1995. Information on soil, toposequense, classifications and land use in Nupe language were collected from local farmers, and Nupe's lowland farming systems were characterized in detail.Results and Discussion : Nupe's upland farmin … More g is characterized by bush fallow intercropping systems with cereals, such as sorghum, millet and maize, and vegetables, as groundnuts, okra, onion, spinach, sweetpotato and cowpea. In Lowland, during rainy season, farmers crop rice and produce vegetables during dry season, forming many types of ridges and mounds. Seven forms of land preparation were observed in the low land. These are ; Togoko kuru, Togogi kuru, Togoko naafena, Togogi naafena, Ewoko, Baragi and Gbaragi (Fig.1). The differentiation of the forms seem to relate to micro-toposequence and water regime. Before planting dry season crops, Nupe farmers make mounds, ridges or both of them, and then after harvesting they break them down and spread the soils as preparation for rice cropping in rainy season.Each form is seasonally modified with each pattern depending on rice and weed growth, water condition and crop varieties (Fig.2).It is also a labor saving method during the peak farming seasons. The dates of operation are changed according to each form. Moving the soil seems to have effects on controlling weeds, improving the soil nutritional and physical characters and conserving the soil and water conditions.Nupe have detail classifications on soil and land relief. They also recognize that soil tyoes are different along the toposequence. Their evaluation of soils seem to closely relate to clay contents. Nupe have advanced skills in lowland rice farming systems. Their indigenous rice based farming systems are most advanced and adaptable soil management systems to the ecological environment such as sandy and low nutrition soil, and variable rainfall in Guinea Savanna zone of West Africa. Less