Study of the dimension of tacit knowledge in action and cognition

1. 我们开始了对各个领域的隐性知识的调查，并认识到问题的根源在于传统的表征性知识理论（TRTK）本身的框架。这迫使我们在两个主要领域批判和重构框架，以便我们进行(1)对知识现象的普遍结构的研究和(2)对其更具体和历史的方面的分析。(1) Shibata澄清了TRTK在“信念=表征”这一静态知识概念上的关键缺陷，提出了知识作为关系概念和知识作为因果概念的替代观点。Todayama明确了知识的维度，通过信息的概念可以正确把握知识的维度，并提出了基于信息立场的自然主义知识论。大泽指出了TRTK的认识论个人主义的谬误，提出了知识应归于语义统一（相互解释）共同体网络的观点。Morigiwa批判性地综合了这三种建议，并提出了一种新的知识形象，即在自然选择中生存的生命系统的自组织和自我保护活动。(2)横山在研究人工知识和生命的计算机模拟中寻找隐性知识的一个维度，展示了一种新的知识模式，即计算知识。田村根据TRTK的历史发展得出结论：知识的基础不在于所谓的感觉材料，而在于实验技术在科学探究的隐性维度中发挥作用的产物。贝朔从考察波兰尼的隐性知识思想出发，阐明了隐性知识也可以成为生活在历史共同体中的个体自由的基础。

1. We started our investigation of tacit knowledge in various areas and recognized that the root of the problem resides in the framework of traditional representational theory of knowledge (TRTK) itself. That forced us to criticize and reconstruct the framework in two main regions, so that we carried out (1) research of the universal structure of the phenomena of knowledge and (2) analyzes of their more concrete and historical aspects.2. (1) Shibata, clarifying that TRTK has a critical defect in the static concept of knowledge as "belief=representation", proposed an alternative idea of knowledge as a relational concept and knowledge as a causal concept. Todayama made it clear that knowledge has a dimension which can be correctly grasped by the concept of information and suggested a naturalistic theory of knowledge based on the informational stance. Osawa, pointing at the fallacy of epistemological individualism of TRTK,developed an idea that knowledge should be ascribed to a network of semantically united (mutual-interpretative) community. Morigiwa critically synthesized these three proposals and put forth a new image of knowledge as self-organizing and self-preserving activity of life systems surviving natural selection. (2) Yokoyama, searching for a dimension of tacit knowledge in computer simulation employed in the study of artificial knowledge and life, showed a novel mode of knowledge realized as computational knowledge. Tamura followed up the historical development of TRTK and concluded that the foundation of knowledge consists not in the so called sense-data but the product of experimental technique at work in the tacit dimension of scientific inquiry. Bessho, starting from the examination of Polanyi's idea of tacit knowledge, clarified that tacit knowledge can also be a ground of freedom of individuals living within a historical community.