Scalable virtual test bench for the integrated design and control of heat pumps and thermal storage in Carnot Batteries: Smooth

能源储存对于可再生能源高度渗透的分散能源市场至关重要。因此，有必要在所有规模上包括广泛的电力储存能力。虽然电动电池在大规模应用上受到限制，但卡诺电池在城市能源系统中具有潜在的应用前景。卡诺电池可以集成到能源中心。如果有来自可再生能源的剩余电力，卡诺电池储存剩余的电力。然而，由于可再生能源的波动导致各组成部分之间的相互作用及其动态运行，系统的效率很大程度上取决于设计和运行。准确评估卡诺电池的经济可行性需要综合设计方法。在早期设计阶段，组件和操作策略的集成设计已经最大化了卡诺电池的潜力。该项目（两个资助阶段）提供了一个流体和非设计依赖的一维可扩展虚拟测试平台，可用于逆向系统设计和深入评估。该项目在第一阶段确定了卡诺电池在城市能源系统中的使用案例。因此，将简化的卡诺电池模型集成到早期的开源规划工具（EHDO）中。通过对卡诺蓄电池的设计和调度进行数学优化，提取出系统需求。在关注充电过程的同时，该项目衍生出热泵、储热和控制器要求。现有的储热模型被重新制定并集成到开源仿真模型库（AixLib/VCLib）中。这些模型用于硬件在环实验。实验设置允许在实验室规模上分析使用两种不同制冷剂的真实热泵和两种不同的模拟储热技术之间的相互作用。在实验验证的基础上，建立了一个可扩展的虚拟试验台。第二个资助阶段扩大了虚拟测试台，以评估实验室规模和城市能源系统规模的最佳设计和控制。因此，采用非设计涡轮压气机模型对虚拟试验台进行了扩展。采用集成设计优化方法，确定了设计参数和控制参数。通过实验验证了最优控制参数。在最后一步，扩展和验证的虚拟测试台被放大，以匹配在资助阶段第一规划工具的建议设计。将规划工具假设的最优运行计划与虚拟试验台显示的实际运行情况进行了比较。基于潜在偏差，利用EHDO可以迭代地评估新的操作边界条件。因此，EHDO和可扩展虚拟试验台的结合为城市能源系统中经济可行的卡诺电池铺平了道路。

Energy storage is essential for decentralized energy markets with high penetration of energy from renewable sources. Therefore, it is necessary to include extensive electricity storage capacities at all scales. While electric batteries will be limited at large scale, Carnot Batteries are promising technologies with potential applications in urban energy systems. Carnot Batteries can be integrated into energy hubs. If there is a surplus of electricity from renewable energy sources, a Carnot Battery stores the surplus. However, due to the interactions between the components and their dynamic operation due to the fluctuations of renewables, the system's efficiency strongly depends on the design and operation. Assessing the economic feasibility of Carnot Batteries accurately requires integrated design approaches. An integrated design of the components and operating strategy already in the early design stages maximizes the potential of Carnot Batteries. This project (two funding phases) provides a fluid- and off-design dependent 1D-scalable virtual test bench that can be used for inverse system design and in-depth assessment. The project identifies use cases for Carnot Batteries in urban energy systems in the first funding phase. Therefore, a simplified Carnot Battery model is integrated into an early-stage, open-source planning tool (EHDO). Based on the mathematical optimization of the design and schedule for the Carnot Battery, system requirements can be extracted. While focusing on the charging process, the project derives heat pumps, thermal storage, and controller requirements. Existing thermal storage models are reformulated and integrated into open-source simulation model libraries (AixLib/VCLib). These models are used in hardware-in-the-loop experiments. The experimental setup allows analyzing the interaction between a real heat pump with two different refrigerants and two different emulated thermal storage technologies at the lab scale. Based on experimental validation, a scalable virtual test bench will be set up. The second funding phase scales up the virtual test bench to assess the optimal design and control at a lab scale and urban energy system scale. Therefore, the virtual test bench is extended by an off-design turbo compressor model. Using integrated design optimization, the design and control parameters are defined. The optimal control parameters are experimentally validated in the lab. In the last step, the extended and validated virtual test bench is scaled up to match the proposed design of the planning tool in funding phase one. The optimal operation schedule assumed by the planning tool is compared to the realistic operation shown by the virtual test bench. Based on potential deviations, new operational boundary conditions can iteratively be evaluated with EHDO. Therefore, the combination of EHDO and scalable virtual test bench pave the way towards economically feasible Carnot Batteries in urban energy systems.