KEY ISSUES IN THE LOCALLIZATION OF JAPANESE MULTINATIONALS

日本跨国经营体系的本土化是本研究的核心问题，本研究历时三年，分别于1995、96、97三年进行。为了实施这项研究，研究计划于1995年第一年访问东亚国家的日本本地公司，1996年访问美国，1997年访问欧洲，并组织了3个研究小组尽可能多地访问当地公司。编制了包括80份问卷在内的访谈指南，对当地企业进行了访谈。此外，公司人员和当地员工的调查问卷被分别派往访问公司，以节省研究时间。我们访问了东亚的58家公司，美国的34家公司和欧洲的35家公司。日本跨国经营的本土化问题在具体的Lo…中明确了日本式的管理体系是如何转移到当地生产基地的更多的国家，这意味着他们如何行动或反应，以满足一个国家的当地管理条件。在除韩国以外的东亚国家还没有很好地提出具体的本地化管理制度的假设下，这些事实表明，更本土化的公司一直在培训懂日本基本管理技能的本地员工和技术人员，从而有效地因地制宜地采用这种制度。另一方面，美国和欧洲也澄清了其他事实，即日本管理和当地人的知识和经验的转移在本地化过程中是多方面的相互作用，而不是当地人能够接受或不能接受的一定程度的冲突。更具体地说，在生产和采购零部件方面，日本的管理体系都有很好的本地化。相反，对员工的考绩制度进行了大量介绍。此外，这些事实也证实，日本的一些管理制度，如信息共享和主动工作地点，正在很好地本地化。这些事实比我们预期的要多。在这一意义上，本文的结论是，在日本的管理体系中，确定了一些具有普遍性的因素，这些因素正在创造日本企业的竞争优势。在这些研究中，还明确了一些具体的观点：第一，日本本土公司在管理活动中很好地识别了全球化的过程。其次，我们认识到美国和欧洲的管理层之间存在一些不同的观点，甚至在欧洲的本土管理层中也存在着一些差异。第三，阐明了这种不同的地方管理状况对日本地方管理体制产生了一定的影响。这些研究的一些结果将于1998年4月发表，题目是《日本在东亚的地方管理》，美国和欧洲的其他研究成果也将发表。较少

Localization of Japanese multinational management system is the key issue of this research study, which had been held for three years in 1995 , 96 and 97. In order to implement the study, the research plan had been made to visit Japanese local companies in East Asian countries in the first year in 1995, in the United States in 1996 and in Europe in 1997.Three research groups were organized to visit local companies as many as possible. The interview guide including eighty questionnaires were prepared to do interviewing local companies. In addition enquete for corporate people as well as local staff people were sent separately to the visiting companies to save the research time. Those companies that we visited to interview were fifty-eight in East Asia, thirty-four in the US and thirty-five in the Europe.The issue of localizing Japanese multinational management is specifically indentified how the japanese style management system are transferred to the local production base in specific lo … More cal coutry, which means how they act or react to meet local managerial conditions in a country. Further these are on the adjusting and solving process that Japanese multinational management may create some conflicts consciously or unconsciously with local people.Under the assumption that specific localized management system had not been raised well in East Asian coutries except Korea, those facts are clarified that the more localized companies have been training lacal staff as well as technical people who understand basic Japanese management skills so that such system has been adopted to local conditions effectively.On the other hand the other facts are also clarified in the US and Europe that both transferring Japanese management and local people's knowledge as well as experience are mulually inter-acted on the localizing process rather than conflicts to certain degree that local people are able to accept it or not. More specifically in the area of production and purchasing parts including component, Japanese management system are well localized. On the contrary merit systems for evaluating staff people are considerably introduced.In addition these facts are confirmed that some Japanese management system such as information sharing and active job-location are on the way to be well localized. These fact are more than we exepected . In this meaning such a concluding summary is clarified that among Japanese management systems some universal factors are identified, and they are functing to create competitive edge of Japanese corporations.In these research study some specific points are clarified additionally as follows : firstly globalizing process are well identified in managerial activities by the Japanese local companies. Secondly some different perspective are recognized between US and European management and some difference are also overviiew in the local management lebel even in Europe. Thirdly these facts are clarified that such different local managerial conditions have been giving some influence toward the Japanese local management system.Some results of these research study are published in April in 1998 by the titl "Japanese local management in East Asia" and other research results of US and Europe will be published as well. Less