Healing Practices and Religious performances of Ancient China, as seen through the NUO Ratuals of GUIZHOU

在贵州山区的村庄里，诺仪式的传统仍然存在。本研究的主要目的是从不同的学术背景，采用跨学科的研究方法，收集有关口述传统和诺表演的电影录音带和书面参考资料，以考察当一个人或一群人患上疾病或其他身体障碍时，疗愈练习和宗教表演所起的作用。研究范围包括1995年贵州西部的潘州和安顺地区，以及1996年贵州西部的威宁和东部的岑贡。研究范围广泛，包括汉族、彝族、布依族、苗族等部落。特别是彝族，证明了他们既有丰富的古代材料，又对诺族仪式有深刻的见解。在安顺区一个叫大西村的村庄，我们有幸得到了…更多的人被允许调查自旧时代以来在糯剧中使用的数百个面具。在威宁地区，人们对使用面具的彝族戏曲《错特记》进行了一些研究，据说它遵循了最初的表演传统。错特基是彝族的一个词，意思是将人转化为其他东西(祖先的灵魂、祖先的神或魔鬼)，反之亦然。一种风格是祖神造访人们驱除疾病，祈求丰收，另一种风格是描述一个人假扮祖神，讲述部落历史。这项研究集中在驱病、祖灵鬼怪、面具戏曲等方面。在岑公区，围绕三个问题进行了研究：(1)糯舞表演中的所谓超人力量；(2)糯舞舞步和手势；(3)仪式由师徒传递。研究成果将汇编成一篇论文，在中国召开座谈会。较少

The tradition of the Nuo rituals is still alive in villages in the mountainous region of Guizhou. The main purpose of this research is to collect basic data on film audio-tape, written references, concerning oral traditions and the Nuo performances, using an inter-scholastic approach from a variety of academic backgrounds, in order to investigate the kinds of roles playd by healing practices and religious performances when an individual or a group of people suffer some illness or other physical disorder.The areas covered by the research were those of Pan Prefecture and Anshun District in the western part of Guizhou in 1995, and Weining in the west and Cengong in the east of Guizhou in 1996.The research covered a wide range of tribes including the Han, Yi, Buyi, Miao tribes, and others, and Yi tribe in particular proved to have both a wealth ancient materials and deep insights into the practice of the Nuo rituals.In a village called Daxicun, in the Anshun district, we were fortunate to … More be allowed to investigate some hundreds of masks which have been used in Nuo performances since the old days.In Weining Prefecture, some research was done on "cuoteji, " the Yi-tribe drama using masks, which is said to follow the original tradition of performance. Cuoteji is a Yi-tribe word meaning the transformation of a human into something else (an ancestral spirit, ancestral god, or devil), or vice versa. One style shows an ancestral god visiting people to expell illness and to bless a rich harvest, and another describes a human being pretending to be the ancestral god, recounting the tribal history. The research concentrated on the relationships involved in expelling illness, the ancestral spirits and devils, and the mask plays.In Cengong district, research was done on three topics, as follows :1) so-called superhuman powers in Nuo performances,2) Nuo dance steps and finger-signs,3) Transmission of the rituals from masters to disciples.The results of the research will be assembled into a paper for a symposium to be held in China. Less