The Problem of Conscience in the History of Western Ethical Thought

我们今年有以下两个研究主题。继承我们直到去年还在进行的关于良心理论的单独研究，并检查现代和当今哲学中的良心理论。考察我们以前关于良心理论的思想历史研究，然后在这些研究的基础上，考虑良心概念在现代伦理体系和伦理思辨中的意义。每项具体成果如下。对于现代哲学中良心理论的考察，研究合作者佐藤提出了理解康德与黑格尔在德国唯心主义中关于良心理论的整合关系的观点。研究支持者Seiriki则对英国经验主义中道德感学派的认识论与道德情操观的关系进行了探究。至于对当今哲学中的良心理论的考察，汤浅。作为一名研究合作者，他进行了一项研究，试图将尼采的良心理论确定为弗洛伊德的精神分析良心理论的主导理论。研究的支持者安川在弗洛伊德的理论中进行了良心的研究。Hayashi是一位研究支持者，他认为良心的重要性和功能，争论了生命伦理学的一些具体问题（例如关于未出生婴儿的诊断技术或人工流产的问题）。关于良心概念在伦理体系和伦理思辨中的意义，研究者们一致认为，我们既不能把良心仅仅当作一种主观原则，也不能轻视良心理论，相反，我们需要积极地把良心现象作为展开伦理思辨的逻辑前提。

le have the following two research themes this year.1. To take over the separate studies on the theories of conscience which we had conducted till last year and examine the theories of conscience in the modern and the present-day philosophy.2. To examine our previous historical studies of thought on the theories of conscience, then based on these studies, consider the significance of the concept of conscience in a modem ethical system and in an ethical speculation.Each concrete outcome is as follows.1a. As to the examination of the theories of conscience in the modem philosophy, Sato, a research sharer, presented a viewpoint to understand the integrated relation of Kant and Hegel on the theory of conscience in the German idealism. And Seiriki, a research supporter, made an inquiry about the relation of epistemology and moral sentiments of the moral-sense school in the English empiricism.1b. As to the examination of the theories of conscience in the present-day philosophy, Yuasa. a research sharer, conducted the study which tried to identify Nietzsche' s theory of conscience as the leading theory of Freud's psychoanalytic theory of conscience. And Yasukawa, a research supporter, conducted the study of conscience in Freud' s theory. And Hayashi, a research supporter, considered the significance and the function of conscience, arguing some concrete problems of Bioethics (such as the problems concerning the diagnostic technique of an unborn baby or the artificial abortion).2. As to the significance of the concept of conscience in an ethical system and an ethical speculation, all the researchers came to agree that we should neither take conscience as a mere subjective principle nor make little of the theories of conscience, but that on the contrary we need to take the phenomena of conscience positively as the logical premise which makes us start an ethical speculation.