Studies on the speciation and varietal differentiation in gentian garden species, especially through investigating flower color and pigment, and chromosome

1.收集了龙胆栽培品种、优良品系(三花龙胆、赤花龙胆)、野生三花龙胆和外来种龙胆。2.调查了61个龙胆品种的花色和花色分布。(1)用色表观察，花色从紫蓝色到红紫色不等。他们被分成蓝色和粉色两组。根据花青素的组成，将蓝色组的物质植物分为5种类型，其中3种(I、II、III)由含飞羽的花青素组成，2(IV、V)由同时含有飞羽和花青素的花青素组成。粉红色组由含花青素的组分成一类。(3)从I型品种中分离鉴定出4种花色苷，其中龙胆苦苷的含量最高。(4)组织学上可见部分蓝色材料的花冠裂片呈天鹅绒状，天鹅绒的表达与表皮细胞的形态无关。(5)利用蓝、粉、白三色品种和品系进行杂交试验，研究花色和花色素的遗传规律。幼苗被种植了，但它们在这个项目的期限内没有开花。本研究仅限于材料植株的制备。3.细胞学特征(1)体细胞染色体数目：所选14个品种均为二倍体，与以往报道相同。14个品种中，11个为二倍体，2个为三倍体。有6个外来种与以往报道不同，其中3个为首次报道。(2)花粉育性：野生三花草部分品系和精选品系的花粉育性在供试植株间差异较大。14个品种间和13个外来种间差异显著。

1.Gentian cultivars, selected strains (Gentiana triflora, G.scabra), wild G.triflora and foreign species of Gentiana were collected.2.Distribution of flower color and pigmenta total of 61 varieties was investigated. (1) Flower colors varied from purplish blue to red purple in the visual observation with color chart. They were classified into blue-and pink-colored groups. Each of these groups had small range of hue with wide range of chroma by the colorimetric method.(2) Based on anthocyanin constitution, material plants of blue-colored group were divided into 5 types, 3 (I,II,III) from delphinidin-containing anthocyanins and 2 (IV,V) from both delphinidin- and cyanidin-containing ones. Those of pink-colored group formed one type from cyanidin-containing ones. (3) In I type-cultivars four anthocyanins were purified and identified, and one of them, gentiodelphin, had the highest content. (4) Velvety corolla lobes of some blue-colored materials were observed histologically, and velvety expression didn't relate to shape of epidermal cells. (5) For the purpose of investigating the inheritance of flower colors and pigments, crossing experiment using blue-, pink-and white-colored cultivars and strains were performed. Seedlings were grown, but they didn't flower within the term of this project. This investigation was limited to preparing its material plants.3.Cytological chracteristics(1) Somatic chromsome numbers : all 14 varieties of selected strains were the same diploid as previous reports. Among 14 cultivars 11 were diploid and 2 triploid. Those of 6 foreign species differed from previous reports and those of 3 were the first reports. (2) Pollen fertility : values varied widely among the examined plants of some strains in wild G.triflora and selected strains. There were marked differences among 14 cultivars and among 13 foreign species.