Destructive capability and the mitigation of pyroclastic flows and surges

1.对1991年6月3日火山碎屑流灾害进行了广泛的野外调查。即使在Fugendake的喷发活动停止之后，由于可能存在的危险，仍有一大片区域不对公众开放。这使得我们的现场调查困难和不完整，但努力进行现场调查的火山碎屑流的主要部分，火山碎屑潮和烧焦带。对危机期间参与救援行动的民防专家、医院医生和其他人进行了访谈。然后与巴克斯特（1989）的结果进行了比较。详细采访了1991年6月3日遭遇火山碎屑潮的目击者，其中许多人被烧伤但幸免于难。特别强调了与火山碎屑激增冲击有关的物理损害和各种现象的时间顺序等专题。最有价值的证词来自一名出租车司机、受到巨浪袭击时在自己家中、后来逃离的人以及目睹火山碎屑从安全的南侧流出的人。根据这些证词和收集的实物证据，评估了电涌对建筑物、树木和人类的物理和医学影响。大多数，如果不是所有的受害者都在火山碎屑激增的区域，他们死于热灰进入他们的风和严重的皮肤烧伤。他们在露天被巨浪击中时，没有明显的严重身体损害。讨论了减轻损害的可能办法，包括逃离严重烧伤和吸入热灰的可能办法。

1. An extensive field work was made on the disasters done by the pyroclastic flow of June 3,1991. Even after the cessation of the eruptive activity of Fugendake, there is a wide area left off limits to the general public because of possible danger. This made our field investigation difficult and incomplete but an effort was made to carry out field investigation of the main part of the pyroclastic flow, pyroclastic surges and seared zones.2. Interviews were made with civil defense specialists, hospital medical doctors and others, who participated rescue operations during the crises. Comparison was then made with the results of BAXTER (1989).3. Detailed interviews were made with witnesses who encountered the pyroclastic surge of June 3,1991, many of them received burns but survived. Special emphasis was put on the topics of physical damages and the time sequences of the phenomena associated with the on-slaught of the pyroclastic surge. The most valuable testimonies were given by a taxi driver, people who were in their houses when attacked by the surge and later escaped, and those who witnessed the pyroclastic flow from the safe, southern side.4. Based on these testimonies and collected physical evidences, physical and medical effects of surges on buildings, trees, and humans were assessed. Most, if not all of the victims were in the zone of pyroclastic surge where they died of introduction of hot ash into their winds and of heavy skin burns. No severe physical damages were evident when they were struck by the surge in the open. Possible ways of mitigating the damage were discussed, including the possible way of escaping from serious burns and inhaling hot ash.