THE RELATION BETWEEN SOCIAL STEREOTYPING AND AFFECT

本研究采用基于期望的错觉相关范式，探讨了积极情绪和消极情绪对群体知觉的影响。48名大学生（男12名，女36名）作为研究对象。受试者被随机分配到三种情绪状态中的一种。首先，受试者参与了一项照片评价任务，他们被暴露在三种类型的照片（愉快的，不愉快的，中性的）中的一种，以根据实验条件诱导好，坏或中性的情绪。然后，他们参加了一个表面上不相关的第二个任务，在这个任务中，他们被展示了来自四所大学之一的学生的一系列特征陈述，包括他们所属的大学。他们被要求判断他们是否同意每个陈述（陈述验证任务）。判断时间作为一项指标来衡量受试者将其与他们的刻板印象知识进行比对的容易程度。之后，他们被要求进行频率估计测试，评估每个陈述出现的次数。结果表明，良好的情绪会加快陈述验证任务的判断时间，而糟糕的情绪则不会。然而，幻觉相关效应被证明会被好心情或坏心情放大。换句话说，无论是心情好还是心情坏的受试者，都低估了包含非刻板特征的陈述的频率，而不是包含刻板特征的陈述。综合考虑这些结果，我们得出结论，好心情和坏心情可能会对错觉相关效应背后的认知过程产生不同的影响。良好的心情可能对将刻板印象事件编码到记忆中有强大的影响，从而促进对它们的检索。另一方面，坏心情应该只在检索阶段发挥重要作用。结果表明，不良情绪可能会抑制非刻板印象事件的提取。

The present research investigated how positive and negative mood influence upon group perception, using an expectancy-based illusory correlation paradigm. Forty eight undergraduates (12 males, 36 females) served as subjects. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three mood conditions. Firstly the subjects participated in a photograph-rating task, where they were exposed to one of the three types of photos (pleasant, unpleasant, neutral) in order to induce good, bad, or neutral mood according to the experimental condition. Then they participated in an ostensibly unrelated second task, where they were shown a series of trait statements about students from one of the four universities including the one they belonged to. They were asked to judge whether or not they would agree with each statement (statement-verification task). The judgment time was measured as an index for the degree of ease with which subjects collated it with their stereotypical knowledge. After that they were given a frequency estimation test where they were asked to rate how many times each statement had appeared. It was shown that good mood speeded up the judgment time in the statement-verification task, whereas bad mood did not. However, the illusory-correlation effect was shown to be amplified either by good or bad mood. In other words, subjects either in a good or bad mood underestimated the frequency of statements that contained non-stereotypical traits compared with stereotypical ones. Considering these results together, it was concluded that good and bad mood might influence differently on the cognitive processes underlying the illusory-correlation effect. Good mood might have powerful influences in encoding of stereotypical events into memory, facilitating the retrieval of them. On the other hand, bad mood should come to play an important role only at retrieval stage. It was suggested that bad mood might restrain the retrieval of non-stereotypical events.