A Study on Social Polarization of Metropolis in the Post-Bubble Economy Era

世界城市假说指出了社会两极分化的加剧，该假说主要由萨森和弗里德曼提出。本研究的目的是通过使用人口普查和住户调查等宏观数据来考察这一假设对近代东京的适用性。主要发现如下：1)目标时期分为三个阶段：稳定增长（1975- 1985年）。泡沫经济（1985-91）和后泡沫经济（1991-）。ii)在整个时期都发现了基本的职业变化，包括专业和半熟练工人的增加，熟练体力工人的减少。这些变化主要不是由专业化引起的，而是由去工业化等产业转型引起的。金融行业的白领工作岗位在泡沫经济时期一度增加，但在后泡沫时代迅速减少。3)在泡沫经济中，东京与其他地区之间以及东京内部的收入分配不平等加剧。然而，在经济泡沫破裂后，分配变得更加平均。这种变化主要是由世界城市形成时期的土地投机造成的。总之，简单的“极化假说”不能适用于最近的东京。随着东京与全球经济的联系越来越紧密，东京并没有片面地形成“世界城市”，而是在城市功能和分层上出现了更大的波动。全球城市的阶级形成应区分泡沫效应与后泡沫效应、去工业化效应与全球经济效应。

Growing social polarization has been pointed out by the world city hypothesis, mainly formalized by S.Sassen and J.Friedmann. The aim of this study is to investigate an applicability of this hypothesis to recent Tokyo, by using of macro data such as population census and household survey. Major findings are as follows :i)The targeted period is divided into three stages : stable growth (1975-85). bubble economy (1985-91), and post-bubble economy (1991-).ii)Basic occupational changes, which have been found during the whole period, include an increase in both professional and semi-skilled workers, and a decrease in skilled manual workers. These changes are caused mainly not by professionalization but by industrial transformation such as de-industrialization. White-collar jobs in financial industries once increased in the bubble economy, but soon decreased in the post-bubble era.iii)In the bubble economy, an inequality in income distribution increased both between Tokyo and other regions, and inside of Tokyo. Yet after the burst of economic bubble, the distribution became more equalized. Such a change was mainly caused by land speculation during a period of world city formation.In conclusion, a simple "polarization hypothesis" can not be applicable to recent Tokyo. As Tokyo has been more firmly linked to global economy, the city experienced not a onesided formation of "world city" but greater fluctuations in both urban functions and stratification. Bubble effect and post-bubble effect, as well as de-industrialization effect and global economy effect, should be distinguished in class formation of global city.