Medieval Revival and its Transfiguration in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Britain

这项为期三年的研究题为“中世纪复兴及其在十八世纪和十九世纪的变形”，首先关注古代英国的宗教领袖德鲁伊的形象，以及这个形象在这个世纪是如何变化的。例如，在18世纪初，威廉·斯图克利就对巨石阵和奥黛丽等考古遗迹表现出了兴趣。他把这些古老的纪念碑和德鲁伊教的纪念碑联系起来。对英国古代遗迹的这种兴趣反映了不断变化的知识氛围，对自己过去的积极重新评估，如德鲁伊教等人物所代表的那样。18世纪德鲁伊教的观点从狂热的野蛮人转变为自由的捍卫者；威廉·梅森的《加拉喀克斯》和托马斯·格雷的《吟游诗人》就是其中的例子。威尔士的凯尔特复兴运动为英国中世纪主义做了准备：该运动旨在保存古代手稿，并使包括托马斯·格雷在内的英国古物学家能够接触到英语的古代威尔士手稿，从而提高了中世纪的兴趣。对中世纪的兴趣催生了斯克·托马斯·马洛里的《亚瑟王的故事》。《亚瑟王》的流行很快证明了这部作品的频繁重印，创造了读者，并在19世纪中期的亚瑟王复兴中取得了丰硕的成果。德鲁伊让位于亚瑟王：德鲁伊通常与自由联系在一起，可能被视为极端危险的象征人物，而亚瑟王毕竟是国王，体现了安全可靠的保守主义。

The three-year research entitled "The Medieval Revival and its Transfiguration in Eightengh- and Nineteenth-century Brutain" first focuses on the figure of the Druid, the religious leader in ancient Britain and on how the figure transformed during the century.In the beginning of the eighteenth century, William Stukeley, for example, demonstrated his interest in archaeological remains such as Stonehenge and Audry. He associated these ancient monuments with druidical monuments. Such interest in British ancient relics reflects the changing intellectual climate, the positive reassessment of their own past, as represented by figures such as the Druids.The eighteenth-century view of the Druids notably changes from a fanatic barbarous figure to the defender of liberty ; William Mason's Garactacus and Thomas Gray's The Bard are among the examples. Celtic Revival movement in Wales prepared English Medievalism : the movement aimed at preserving ancient manuscripts and made English antiquarians, including Thomas Gray, accessible to ancient Welsh manuscripts in English, thus enhancing medieval interest. The interest in the Middle Ages brought out the editions of Sik Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur, the story of King Arthur. The popularity of King Arthur quickly attested the frequent reprints of the work, creating the reader, and dearing fruit in mid-nineteenth century Arthurian Revival. The druid yielded its place to King Arthur : the druid, often associated with liberty, may have been regarded as radically dangerous emblematic figure, while King Arthur is a king after all, embodying safe reassuring Toryism.