Farm collectivization in Mordern China and Village community

《中国乡村风俗调查》中的每一个研究村庄都有其独特的社会力量组合。尽管所有的那些村庄都很穷，但有些村庄的社会阶级差别比其他村庄更明显。20世纪40年代末和50年代初的土地改革以及随之而来的集体化有效地清除了过去的痕迹。在土地改革运动中，农村较富裕的家庭，只要不被划为地主或富农，就能够保留他们的资本、设备和农场牲畜，但20世纪50年代中期的集体化浪潮使所有家庭都变得平等。从1957年到20世纪70年代末经济改革开始，劳动力投入将是决定家庭收入的主要因素，在这种情况下，每个家庭中工作和抚养成员之间的平衡是决定家庭富裕程度的主要因素。在所有的那些村庄中，财富的主要差别消失了。虽然一个村庄内部的差别缩小了，但那些村庄之间的差别却慢慢扩大了，尽管事实上每个那些村庄都在非常相似的经济结构下运作，并有共同的经济政策提供指导。

Each of the research villafarges in Investigations of customary practices in rural china had its own distinctive combination of social forces. Even though all of the villages were poor, social class distinctions were sharper in some villages than in others. Land-reform of the late 1940s, early 1950s and the collectivization that followed it effectively wiped the slate clean. While richer village households, as long as they were not classified as landlord or rich peasants, were able to preserve their capital, equipment and farm animals during the land reform campaigns, the wave of collectivization in the mid-1950s levelled all families. From 1957 to the initiation of the economic reforms in the late 1970s, labor inputs would be the chief factor in determinig family income, and under thoseconditions the balance between working and dependent members in each family was the major determinanant of how well off dach family would be. In all of the villages, major distinctons in wealth disappeared. While the distinctions within a village were narowed, the distinctions between the villages slowly widened, in spite of the fact that each of the villages was operating under very similar economic structures and with common economic policies providing directon.