National Integration and Minority Groups in the First Half of 20th Century in Brazil : African-Brazilians and Japanese-Brazilians in a "Mulatto Society"

在这个研究项目中，我们调查了当代巴西社会所谓的“种族和民族慷慨”的历史背景，巴西社会通常被认为是种族和民族多样性最慷慨的社会之一，以及巴西社会中真实存在的少数种族和民族的自我形象和民权运动。在其他人中，我们挑选了两个可以说是非欧洲血统的少数民族：非洲裔巴西人和日裔巴西人。主要分析了三个问题：(1)移民和劳工政策中体现的民族主义思想和现实；(2)非洲裔和日裔巴西人的种族和族裔少数民族意识的形成及其作为社区的组织；(3)“种族理论”的介绍和解释，“混血社会”概念的提出。因此，我们通过19世纪下半叶的废奴运动揭示了巴西引入和解释种族思想（或种族主义）的过程，以及关于“自由民”作为公民融入巴西“国家”社会的方式的辩论。另一方面，我们讨论了巴尔加斯的民族主义倾向政策，即1934年巴西宪法中所谓的“2%条款”所表达的民族融合政策，在“种族和民族慷慨”的形象上造成了在巴西的日本居民与日本当局之间的某种分裂，同时刺激了日本社区作为新族群在该时期巴西社会中的形成。

In this research project, we investigated the historical backgrounds of so-called "racial and ethnic generosity" of the contemporary Brazilian society which is often considered one of the most generous society in terms of racial and ethnic diversity, as well as self-images and movements for civil rights of the racial and ethnic minorities that have really existed in the Brazilian society. Among others, we picked up two minority groups that can be said have particular characteristics as non-European origin : African-Brazilians and Japanese-Brazilians. And we analyzed mainly these three issues : (1) Ideas and reality of the nationalism reflected in the immigration and labor policies ; (2) Formation of consciousness of racial and ethnic minorities of African- and Japanese-Brazilians and their organization as communities ; (3) Introduction and interpretation of "racial theories" and advent of the idea of "mulatto society". As a result, we revealed the process of introduction and interpretation of racial thoughts (or racialism) in Brazil through Abolitionist movement in the second half of 19th Century and debates on the ways by which "freedmen" would be integrated as citizens into the "national" society of Brazil. On the other hand, we discussed that Vargas's policy of nationalist tendency, that is policy of national integration expressed in such as so-called "2% article" of the Brazilian Constitution of 1934 caused some cleavage between the Japanese residents in Brazil and Japanese authorities over the image of "racial and ethnic generosity", while stimulated formation of Japanese community as new ethnicity in the Brazilian society in that period.