Motion and stereoscopic depth perception under dichoptic presentation with interocular temporal dispaity.

当一对立体图像的左右调换时，双眼的视差完全相反，但我们倾向于感知到一个正常的凸面而不是凹面，类似于3D形状的空心脸错觉。我们通过操纵视差和熟悉度因素，用立体图像来检验这种错觉。方法。具有正常、零和反向视差的立体照片呈现在CRT屏幕上，并通过镜面立体镜观看。受试者被要求用3AFC方法识别视差类型。在实验1中，描绘人脸、雕像和建筑物的立体照片被无限长时间地呈现给未经训练的受试者。与我们的预期相反，反向差距很容易被发现。平均正确率为60%（机会=33%），但面部刺激的正确率较低。在实验2中，只呈现面部刺激500ms。差异和对比极性也被操纵。在这个较短的持续时间内，当差异变得夸张时，反向差异的检测在偶然水平上提高。然而，使用反向亮度对比（摄影底片），检测得到了显着改善。在另一个单独的实验中，我们还通过呈现倒立的面部刺激来检验方向的影响。性能有所提高，但与对比逆转相比，效果并不明显。结论。反对比或倒过来的面部刺激的错觉减弱表明熟悉因素的贡献，但这些因素可能被低水平的视差信号所覆盖，表明不同深度线索系统之间的复杂动态。结果还表明，与van den Enden & Spekreijse（1989）的猜想相反，纹理梯度不能成为决定因素，因为它在对比度反转或反向刺激中保持恒定。

When the left and right pictures of a stereo pair are interchanged, binocular disparity is completely reversed, but we tend to perceive a normal convex rather than a concave face, similar to the hollowface illusion with 3D shapes. We examined this illusion with stereo pictures by manipulating disparity and familiarity factors. Method. Stereo photographs with normal, zero, and reversed disparity were presented on a CRT screen and viewed through a mirror stereoscope. Subjects were asked to identify the disparity type by a 3AFC method. Results, In Expt 1, stereo photographs depicting human faces, statues, and buildings were presented for an unlimited duration to untrained subjects. Contrary to our expectations, reversed disparity was detected fairly easily. The average correct rate was 60% (chance=33%), but less for facial stimuli. In Expt 2, only facial stimuli were presented for 500ms. Disparity and contrast polarity were also manipulated. With this short duration, detection of reversed disparity was at chance level improving as disparity became exaggerated. With reversed luminance contrast (photographic negatives), however, detection was dramatically improved. We also examined the effect of orientation, in a separate experiment, by presenting inverted facial stimuli. Performance improved, but the effect was modest compared to contrast reversal. Conclusion. The weakened illusion with reversed-contrast or upside-down facial stimuli suggests a contribution of familiarity factors, but such factors could be overridden by a low-level disparity signal, indicating complex dynamics among different depth cue systems. The results also indicate that, contrary to van den Enden & Spekreijse's (1989) conjecture, texture gradient cannot be a determining factor since it is kept constant in either contrast-reversed or inverted stimuli.