A Study of Tantric Buddhist Art in Cuttuck District, Orissa

密宗佛教在奥里萨邦从八世纪到十世纪蓬勃发展。许多代表佛教神灵的雕塑从这个地区被挖掘出来，特别是从位于奥里萨邦东侧的Cuttack区。三个考古遗址在卡塔克，我。e. Ratnagiri、Lalitagiri和Udayagiri特别值得一提。在本研究中，我澄清的基础上的实地调查结果的结果，从卡塔克出土的雕塑神像的图像特征。应指出以下几点：在佛类（如来）中，在一半或一半以上的作品中，佛陀展示了比丘尼-手印。值得注意的是，释迦牟尼的生活很少被描绘，而冠佛也没有在卡塔克被发现，这两种都是常见于属于帕拉王朝的佛教艺术中的。至于最具代表性的菩萨，观世音菩萨，我们应该注意到，四臂观世音菩萨在卡塔克是比较流行的。他们中的一些人可以与Amoghapaa-Lokesvara确定，因为他们拥有一些密宗文本中描述的图像特征。八臂以上的观世音菩萨在这一地区从未有过。从密宗佛教艺术史的角度来看，从拉利塔吉里出土的八大菩萨雕塑具有重要意义。其中一些雕像有随从，他们与Garbha-udbhava-mandala中的一些神相一致。在女性神类中，塔拉，Marici，Cunda和Vasudha.ra的代表性很受欢迎。他们中的大多数都被描绘成与在孟加拉干旱的比哈尔邦发现的那些相同的肖像特征。Hevajra和Samvara，母亲密宗类最重要的神，在Ratnagiri被发现。这一事实表明，母亲密宗宗教运动被传递到奥里萨邦。

Tantric Buddhism flourished in Orissa from the eighth to the tenth centuries. Numerous sculptures representing Buddhist deities have been excavated from this area, especially from Cuttack District, located on the east side of Orissa. Three archaeological sites in Cuttack, i. e. Ratnagiri, Lalitagiri and Udayagiri, deserve special mention. In this research, I clarify the iconographic characteristics of the sculptured deities excavated from Cuttack based upon the results of the field survey. Following points should be indicated.In the class of Buddha (Tathagata), in half or more of the works the Buddha displays bhiamispraa-mudra. It is noteworthy that the life of Sakyamuni is rarely represented and the crowned Buddha has not been discovered from Cuttack, both of which are commonly found in the Buddhist art belonging to the Pala dynasty.As to the most representative deity of Bodhisattvas, Avalokitesvara, we should note that the four-armed AvaIokitesvara was relatively popular in Cuttack. Some of them can be identified with Amoghapaa-Lokesvara because they possess the iconographic characteristics described in some tantric texts. Avalokitesvara with eight or more arms has never been known in this area. The sculptures of the Eight Great Bodhisattvas excavated from Lalitagiri have significance from the point of the history of Tantric Buddhist art. Some of them are represented with attendants, who are identified with some deities in Garbha-udbhava-mandala.In the class of female deities, representations of Tara, Marici, Cunda and Vasudha.ra are popular. Most of them are depicted with the same iconographical characteristics as those found in Bengal arid Bihar. Hevajra and Samvara, the most important deities of the Mother tantra class, were discovered in Ratnagiri. This fact indicates that the Mother-tantra religious movement was transmitted to Orissa.