Basic Research on Relationship between Zhongguo Guomin Dang (GMD) and Chinese Intellectuals

我研究的一个目的是对中国现代知识分子有一个大致的了解。我得到的结果是：中国现代知识分子分为三组：(A)温和派：他们反对共产主义，亲美。(B)无党派人士：他们尽可能以和平的方式进行改革。他们试图与美国和美国建立外交关系。他们承认共产主义的存在，而且是自由的。(C)激进分子。他们与亲共产主义者进行暴力革命。他们与亲苏联盟反对个人主义。更具体地，我分析了南京国民政府时期(1928-37)的罗龙集。然后，我把接下来的两点与救国协会的成员(教育)作了比较，很明显。罗龙是一个以个人主义为基础的自由主义者。本文通过对抗战时期(1937-1945)张乃琦的分析，得出以下两点结论：1.张乃琦的政治修养与抗战时期的政治修养形成鲜明对比。张乃琦的一个愿望是将个人与国家直接联系起来。他试图建立一个强大的政府。然而，张乃琦认为民主改革需要政府，我研究了南北战争(1945-49)期间的石富。同时，我看了马旭伦、李平新对石富的批评。结果，我明白了接下来的两点。石富是一位自由主义者。他坚持认为，对所有权力的批评对他来说是必要的。当时，激进主义在城市中变得强大起来。出于这个原因，中国的自由主义失去了力量。

A purpose of my research was general understanding regarding Chinese modern intellectuals. I obtained the following results.Chinese modern intellectuals were distributed into three groups.(A) The moderates : They opposed communism and were pro-America.(B) The Independents : They oriented to reform with peaceful means, as far as possible. They tried to create diplomatic relations with both the US and the USSR.They admitted the existence of communism and were liberal.(C) The radicals. They aimed at a violent revolution with the pro-Communists.They opposed individualism with the pro-Soviet Unions.In more concrete terms, I analyzed Luo Long-ji at the time of the Nanjin Nationalist Government (1928-37). Then I made the next 2 points obvious, in comparison to members of the National Salvation Association (eadicals).1. Luo Long-ji was a liberal based on an individualism.2. The tought of Luo Long-ji sharply contrasted with "political tuttelage" policy of the CMD.I analyzed Zhang Nai-qi at the time of the Anti-Japanese War (1937-45) and obtained the next two conclusions.1. A hope of Zhang Nai-qi was to connect directly the individual with the nation. He tried to establish a strong government.2. However, Zhang Nai-qi thought that the government is necessary for a democratic reformation.I researched on Shi Fu-liang during the Civil War (1945-49). Simultaneously, I examined a criticism against Shi Fu-liang by Ma Xu-lun and Li Ping-xin. As a result, I understood the next 2 points.1. Shi Fu-liang was a liberal. He insisted that a criticism against all power is necessary for him.2. At that time, radicalism got strong in the cities. Chinese liberalism for that reason lost power.