Continuity and Change of Japan's Bureaucratic System : Life Course and Role Behavior of Higher Civil Servants in Showa-Heisei Period.

本研究通过厘清高级公务员的角色创造和转换，考察和评价日本战后官僚制度的历史作用。为此，开展了以下三种类型的调查。1)官僚职业生涯调查(1998-2000年进行)，使用二手材料跟踪了1,575名最高级别科长及以上科长的官僚生涯，这些科长在1935年至1979年期间进入各部委和政府部门任职。2)邮寄问卷(1999年7月进行)，就各种问题对1,336名退休和在职公务员进行了调查，包括角色认同和身份认同、不同角色在决策过程中的影响以及战后决策评估。3)口腔生活史调查(2000年2月和7月进行)，从上述问卷的受访者中选出123人。这些调查的一些结果在5月2日的关西社会学学会会议上联合公布。…并于2000年11月在日本社会学学会会议上发表讲话。以下总结了这些调查的主要结果。1)职级的提升完全变慢了，高层的升迁速度也慢了很多；退休年龄变得固定(55岁左右)；各部和政府职位在这些“方面”变得相似；职业模式既有连续性，也有变化性。2)高级公务员承认，政府官僚在政策的制定、起草和定稿方面的影响力最大，其次是政府领导人和执政党领导人。这一观点在不同的人群中几乎没有不同。3)虽然高级公务员对它在决策过程中保持影响力并在日本政治和政府中发挥辅助作用表示自豪，但它也意识到随着政客政治领导力的增长，其影响力正在下降。一个案例研究的结果表明，自信是。在高级公务员中普遍存在，士气高涨，人们希望对自己的角色进行适当的评估。4)高级公务员从把战后恢复和经济重建工作与高增长联系在一起的“爱国型”，转变为“调整型”，他们必须通过在各参与者之间建立共识来应对向低增长过渡后的“政策转变”的负担。较少

This research examines and evaluates the historical role of Japan's postwar bureaucratic system by clarifying role creation and transformation in higher civil servants. To this end, three types of surveys were carried out as follows. 1) Bureaucratic Career Survey (conducted 1998-2000) that used secondary materials to track the bureaucratic career of 1,575 top-ranked section chiefs and above who entered ministries and government offices in the period from 1935 to 1979. 2) Mailed Questionnaire (conducted July 1999) that surveyed 1,336 retired and active civil servants on a variety of issues including role recognition and identity, the influence of various players in the policy-making process, and postwar policy-making evaluation. 3) Oral Life History Survey (conducted February and July 2000) that targeted 123 individuals from among the respondents to the above questionnaire. Some of the results of these surveys were presented jointly at the Kansai Sociological Society Conference in May 2 … More 000 and at the Japan Sociological Society Conference in November 2000. The following summarizes key findings of these surveys. 1) Promotion in rank has become totally slower and much slower in upper ranks ; retirement<age has become fixed (around 55 years old); ministries and government offices have become similar in these" respects; and career patterns exhibit both continuity and change. 2) Higher civil servants acknowledge that government bureaucrats have the most influence in policy forming, drafting, and finalizing followed by government leaders and ruling party leaders. This opinion differs little among cohorts. 3) While higher civil servants express pride in the fact that it maintains influence in the policy making process and plays a supporting role in Japanese politics and government, it is also aware of its falling influence as the political leadership of politicians grows. The results of a case study reveal that self confidence is. prevalent and morale is high in higher civil servants and that there is a desire for proper assessment of one's role. 4) A change can be observed in higher civil servants from "patriot type," who associate the work of postwar recovery and economic reconstruction with high growth, to "adjustment type," who must deal with the burden of "policy transformation" following the transition to low growth by building consensus among various players. Less