A Comparative Study on the Organizing Processes of Asian and Middle-eastern Rural Districts by the Central Powers in the Inter-war Period

在两次世界大战之间的时期，随着亚洲和中东一些地区开始工业化和城市化，农业问题也开始出现。政府试图通过采取措施整合农村地区和组织农民和/或地方精英来解决问题。本文以三个国家为研究对象，一个是殖民地国家，一个是朝鲜半岛国家，另一个是附属国国家，并在此基础上，对这些国家的中央与地方关系进行了分析在伊朗，国家主导的工业化始于20世纪30年代，这一过程对地主制度的双重依赖;一是中央政府在政治上依靠地主的社会政治力量对农村进行间接控制，二是工业化的货币资金主要由地主提供，国民党的目标是发展城市工业。然而，由于受到帝国主义列强特别是日本的干涉，他们的审判并没有取得成功。结果，中国农村人口过剩，传统的资源再分配习俗失灵。共产党的土地革命战略得到了贫苦农民的大力支持。在日本殖民统治下的韩国农村，传统的地方精英（其中大部分是居民地主）仍然具有影响力。另一方面，殖民政权成功地在经历过“现代”初等教育制度的中上阶级农户中提拔了愿意负责地方行政的人。

In the inter-war period, as some Asian and Middle-Eastern districts started their industrialization and urbanization, agrarian problems had also begun to appear. The governments tried to resolve the problems by taking measures to integrate the rural districts and to organize peasants and/or local elites. It is assumed that the characteristics of these measures would eventually have functioned as one of the important factors to differentiate the central-local relations in those nations after the WWII.In this project, three nations are mainly focused on ; one colonized one(Korea)and two dependent nations(China and Iran).In Iran, nation-led industrialization started in 1930s, which doubly depended on landlord system ; firstly, the central government depended politically on socio-political power of the landlords to control the rural districts indirectly, and secondly, the monetary fund for industrialization was mainly supplied by them.The Chinese Nationalist party aimed to develop the urban industry. Their trial, however, did not achieve successfully by facing the interferences by the imperial powers, especially by Japan. As a result, rural china suffered from over-population, which caused the malfunction of traditional resource re-distribution custom. The land revolution strategy of the Communist party was strongly supported by poor peasants.In rural Korea under Japanese colonial rule, traditional local elites, most of whom were resident landlords, were still influential. On the other hand, the colonial power attempted successfully to promote the persons who were willing to be in charge of local administration among upper- or middle-class farm households who experienced 'modern' primary education system.