Reorganization of the citizenship education in Russia under the period of shifting regime

1. 我研究了俄罗斯历史教育的转型。并且，我指出“重视学生主体性的教育”是从革命结束到30年代初进行的。苏联解体后，俄罗斯教育的目标从“建设共产主义社会的人”转变为“在市场经济竞争社会中能够实现自我的个人”。经合组织（经济运行和发展组织）批评它（1998年）。报告指出，“合作、团队、互助”的公民社会价值观正在弱化。然而，指出这样的问题对俄罗斯教育来说并不新鲜。因为直到30年代初苏联国家政权建立之前，“社会积极个体”一直是教育的目标。苏联的教育否定了课堂教育、学科教育和教师的灌输。以“在活动中学习”为核心的学生主体性。在俄罗斯的教育中，很难形成共同的历史观。在苏联时代，几乎每个种族都被禁止进行种族历史教育。苏联政府与各民族之间历史教育的“裂痕”导致了苏维埃政权的破裂。市民社会、俄罗斯联邦（共和国、州等）的组成组织、社会组织和俄罗斯东正教会现在成为除了种族之外的新的教育主体。很难在整个联邦的历史上形成一个共同的想法。然而，在面向全俄学生的历史教科书中，“苏联政府的种族政策是压迫性的，是无视种族自决的”这一评价却与该种族的历史教科书不谋而合。在未来，将逐渐形成共同的历史观，共同确认历史事件。少

1. I researched the transition of the history education in Russia. And, I indicated that "education by which the subjecthood of students was valued" had been conducted from the end of the Revolution to the beginning of 30's. The aim of the Russian education changed greatly from "person who constructs the communism society" to "individual who is able to actualize oneself in the competitive society of market economy" after the collapse of the Soviet Union. OECD (Organization for Economic Go-operation and Development) criticized it (1998). It pointed out that the sense of value of the civil society --"cooperation, team work, and mutual support"-- was attenuate. However, to point out such a problem was not new for the Russian education at all. Because, "socially positive individual" was the aim of education until the beginning of 30's before the Soviet national regime was established. The Soviet education denied classroom education, subject education, and teacher's inculcations. And, it va … More lued the subjecthood of students, which centered on "learning by the activity".2. In the Russian education it becomes difficult to form a common idea on the history. Practically each race was prohibited to conduct race's history education in the Soviet age. "Fissure" on the history education between the Soviet government and each race made the Soviet regime crack. The civil society, the constituent organizations of Russian Federation (republics and oblasts, etc.), the social organization and Russian Orthodox Church appeared as new education subjects besides races now. It becomes difficult to form a common idea on the history through the entire Federation. However, the coincidence of the evaluation" the race policy of a Soviet government was oppressive of having disregarded the racial self-determination" is observed between the history textbook intended for all students in Russia and the race's history textbook. In the future, the common idea on the history will be gradually formed, confirming historical events together. Less