Trade System of Mongolia in the Ch'ing Dynasty

摘要本研究旨在考察清代中国商人在蒙古（***）的贸易制度。自古以来，北亚的游牧民族不能只靠自己的产品生活，所以他们进口了许多南方农民生产的东西。但从清朝在17世纪征服蒙古开始，中国和蒙古之间的边界就消失了。从那时起，许多中国商人进入蒙古。此后，蒙古的经济状况发生了很大的变化，各地建立了许多商业城市，特别是内蒙古呼和浩特成为其中心。近年来，蒙古的贸易制度研究受到了许多蒙古人的关注，发表了许多从不同角度的研究成果。在过去的三年里，我在国内和内蒙古的许多研究所做了多次关于这一主题的资料调查，收集到了许多有价值的资料。根据这些资料和其他数据，我对这个主题进行了研究，发现了一些新的事实。其中之一就是大黄的贸易问题。中国的大黄在清代经恰克塔大量出口到俄罗斯。但清朝政府以俄罗斯对中国的不正当行为为由，关闭了恰克图市场，并禁止向俄罗斯出口大黄。因此，大黄走私到俄国的情况急剧增加，清政府难以控制。下一个问题是内蒙古阿拉善的盐被非法出口到中国北方。当发现阿拉善王氏通过山西商人非法向中国出口食盐时，清政府禁止了阿拉善王氏的非法贸易。除了这些问题之外，我还调查了中国商人在Ikh khulee（现在的乌兰巴托）的活动以及他们在蒙古活动退化的原因，大约在20世纪初。少

The purpose of this study is to investigate the trade system of Mongolia by the Chinese merchants in Mongolia (***) during the Ch'ing dynasty. From ancient times, nomads of Northern Asia cannot live only by products of themselves, so they imported many things produced by Southern farmers. But from when the Ch'ing dynasty conquered Mongolia in 17th century, the boundary between China and Mongolia had disappeared. From that times, many Chinese merchants made inroads into Mongolia. Since then the economic conditions of Mongolia greatly changed and many commercial cities were constructed in various places, particularly Huhhot of Inner Mongolia became its center. In recent years, the study on the trade system of Mongolia is paid attention to many Mongolists, so many researches were published from various viewpoints.I did several investigations of materials on this theme at many domestic and Inner Mongolia's institutes during past three years and could collect many valuable materials. Based … More on those materials and other data, I carried out my studies on this theme, could find several new facts. One of them is the problem of trade of rhubarb. Rhubarb from China were much exported to Russia via Kyakhta in Ch'ing period. But the Ch'ing government closed the Kyakhta market and forbade to export rhubarb to Russia for the reason that Russia committed irregularities to China. Resulted from this, smuggling rhubarb out to Russia increased very much, the Ch'ing government had difficulty in controlling it. Next problem is that the salt from Alashan of Inner Mongolia was illegally exported to the northern part of China. When it was detected that the Wang of Alashan illegally exported the salt to China through Shanxi merchants, the Ch'ing government prohibited the Wang of Alashan from illegal trade. Beside these problems, I investigated the activities of Chinese merchants in Ikh khulee (now Ulanbator) and the reasons of degeneration of their activities in Mongolia about early in the 20th century. Less