Expansion of Plural Society on Chinese Northern Frontier in 16th and 17th Century

16世纪世纪，中国边疆社会经历了两次显著的变化。从中国南部沿海的港口和岛屿，到日本或东南亚的一些地区，出现了许多由中国人和其他人组成的混合居住者的定居点。在长城沿着的北方边境，非法移民在长城外形成了农业村落，蒙古人和女真人将其保存下来并加以利用。所谓“北陆南我”危机的出现，主要是由于边缘混合社会的扩张，而边缘混合社会的扩张，是以中国丝绸、棉花、瓷器等商品在海外需求量的增加所引起的贸易繁荣为基础的。边缘贸易的兴起与世纪40年代开始的日本大量输入银有着密切的关系。边境杂居群体多以武器贸易的形式进行经营，辽东蒙古族、女真族与明朝当局的关系沿着边缘贸易的利益起伏。明政府利用钦差大臣控制满族，蒙古族和女真族因贸易利益而相互勾结、斗争，努尔哈赤领导下的满族集团扩张为女真族、蒙古族和汉族的三重帝国。它清楚地表达了边缘人的性格，这些人是通过语言和种族的越界而形成的，就像海上的窝头一样。银和商品的贸易以及装备精良的贸易集团的活动，为东亚地区自16世纪世纪中期起近百年的动乱和改革奠定了基调

In 16th century, society on Chinese frontier experienced remarkable change in two other regions. From ports and islands of Chinese southern coast to some regions in Japan or the Southeast Asia, a number of settlements with mixed habitants made up of Chinese and others had emerged. In northern frontier along the Great Wall, illegal immigrants formed agricultural villages outside the Wall, and then Mongols and Jurchid preserved them and took advantage of them. The crisis of so-called 'Bei -lu Nan-wo' had appeared mainly from the expansion of marginal mixed society.Expansion of marginal mixed society had its base on the flourishing trade caused by rising demand of Chinese silk, cotton, porcelains and so outside China. The boom of marginal trade had been closely related with great influx of silver from Japan that stared in the 40's of 16th century. Mixed group at frontier often operated as traders with armaments.Relationships between Mongol or Jurchid groups and Ming authorities in Liaodong had fluctuated along interests of marginal trade. Ming authorities used imperial appointments in order to control them, and Mongol or Jurchid groups collaborated and struggled mutually on interest of trade.Manchu group under the leadership of Nurhaci expanded as threefold empire of Jurchid, Mongols and Chinese. It clearly expressed the character of marginal people made up through transgression of language and ethnicity, as Wo-kou did on the sea. Traffics of Silver and commodities, and activities of trading groups with armament played base tone of disturbance and reformation of about 100 years from the mid 16th century in the East Asia