A study on tribute and regulated trade from 14th to early 20th century and transformation of world order in East Asia

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This research dealing with tribute and trade in East Asia, Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia from 14th century to early 20th century aims to give clear understandings of tribute and trade system, and discusses the process of its transformation. We pointed out that the logical view advocated by Fairbank and Mancall assuming Canton trade as a part of the tribute system of Chinese Empire was inadequate and maintained that the formation of trade institutions with isolation and regulation in East Asia from 17th century should be regarded as important.