Gradience in resultative interpretation and event structures in the English Language

按照Freed 1979年和Voorst 1988年的建议，事件被分析为由开始、核和尾部组成的时间概念。在事件结构和基本观点方面观察到和澄清的关键例子是：拍摄包含并聚焦尾巴的NP，踢核心被聚焦的门，两种类型的表达不包括尾巴，一种是聚焦的表达“不包括首发”(例如。阻止某人做某事)，另一种是不包括尾巴的表达，虽然核是，也就是说，事件在核(例如)期间被打断。阻止某人做某事)词尾蕴含的层级可以从词汇层面、动词短语层面和句子结构层面三个层面来观察。指出动名词和派生名词中的转喻引申不是从核心到起始的引申，而是从认知和体现的角度来解释转喻的引申。显然，本文对事件结构的分析是进一步研究象似性的基础：句法是语义的反映。

Events are analysed as temporal notions consisting of an onset, a nucleus and a coda along the lines suggested by Freed 1979 and Voorst 1988. Crucial examples observed and clarified in terms of event structures and the rusultative perspectives are: to shoot NP in which a coda is included and focused, to kick at the door in which a nucleus is focused, two types of expressions in which a coda is not included, one is an expression which focuses 'without including an onset' (ex. to stop a person from doing), the other is an expression in which a coda is not included though a nucleus is, that is, an event is interrupted during a nucleus (ex. to stop a person doing). The gradience of implication of a coda can be observed in three levels, lexical levels, verb phrase levels, and sentence structure levels. The fact that metonymical extensions observed in gerundive and derived nominals tends not to be a from-nucleus-to-onset>type of extension but to be a from-nucleus-to-coda type of extension is pointed out and explicated from the cognitive and embodiment points of view. It is clear that the analysis of event structures in the preset paper will be the basis for the further study of iconicity: syntax is a reflection of semantics.