Contrastive Studies of Written Manchu, Spoken Manchu, and Pre-Modern Chinese

Kubo揭示了Sive语言的语音和形态方面，Sive语言是中国新疆维吾尔自治区的一种满语方言。他还调查了中国西北地区的另一种满语方言。前一种方言有一个和谐系统，其中干元音（ATR与非ATR，或高与非高）和/或干辅音（软腭与小舌系列）与后缀辅音（软腭与小舌系列）和谐。这一系统可以说是满文和声的发展版本。西北方言似乎已经失去了甚至干=后缀的和谐以及软腭与小舌的对立。Hayata研究了满文版《金瓶梅》中满文的几个方面。（金莲花）。他认为满语有五个元音，而不是六个，有/k，g，x/和/q，G，X/（软腭对小舌）。他出版了满文版《金瓶梅》第11至15章的日文译本（第1至10章的译本于1998年出版）。他还出版了《大清全书》的音译本和满文索引，为满文音韵学研究做出了贡献。他还对《金瓶梅》中近代汉语“的”的功能和用法进行了考察。

Kubo has revealed phonological and morphological aspects of the Sive language, a dialect of Manchu spoken in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. He also investigated another dialect of Manchu in the north-western area of China. The former dialect has a harmony system in which stem-vowels (ATR vs. non-ATR, or high vs. non-high) and/or stem-consonants (velar vs. uvular series) harmonize with suffix-consonants (velar vs. uvular series). This system can be said a developed version of the harmony observed in Written Manchu. The north-western dialect seems to have lost even a stem=suffix harmony as well as a velar vs. uvular opposition.Hayata has studied several aspects of Written Manchu in the Manchu version of Jin Ping Mei.(Golden Lotus). He has argued that Manchu has five vowels, not six, with an opposition of /k, g, x/ and /q, G, X/ (velar vs. uvular). He published the Japanese translation of the Manchu version of Jin Ping Mei, chapters 11 to 15 (the translation of chapters 1 to 10 was published in 1998.) He also published the transliteration and Manchu index of Da Qing Quan Shu (dai cing gurun -i yooni bithe), which will contribute to the phonological study of Written Manchu.Feng has investigated the functions and usages of Pre-Modern Chinese "de" in Jin-Ping-Mei.