Leo Tostoy and Sects

托尔斯泰和一些神秘教派之间更宗教的异端和禁欲主义理想的相互影响一直被研究人员淡化和忽视。然而，托尔斯泰与一些激进教派有着实际的、相当活跃的联系，包括khlysti、skoptsy等，特别是在19世纪80年代和皈依之后。显然，他广泛阅读有关这些教派的文献，其中一些是在他的图书馆发现。他与这一领域的学者进行了交谈。他似乎对克列斯提的戒律很熟悉。他与skoptsy就禁欲生活中阉割的意义进行了长时间的辩论。他的智力和道德参与的信条的神秘教派自然反映在他的著作的这一时期。《克鲁采奏鸣曲》传达了一个乌托邦式的信息，即当人类消除性别并恢复其在“堕落”之前的地位时，地球上的上帝王国将得以实现，这一想法与“堕落”之前的想法非常相似。 ...更多信息 由skoptsy持有。被谋杀的妻子被比作一个“姐妹“，根据khlysti的概念。自相矛盾的是，刺伤妻子可以被重新解读为阉割（俄语中没有性别）的行为，对她进行手术，从而使Podnyshev成为skopets。有关神秘教派的概念都非常模糊和矛盾。在《魔鬼与谢尔盖神父》中观察到的手指烧焦可以被解读为一种象征性的阉割行为，事实上谢尔盖神父的情况是他自己切断手指。谢尔盖神父对素食主义的呼吁在其他宣传性著作中得到了充分的发展，如《第一步》。托尔斯泰把这一原则与禁欲主义的目的联系起来，并呼吁节制酒精饮料和药片。这使他偏离了欧洲素食主义的人道主义，这种人道主义常常被错误地与托尔斯泰联系在一起，而是将他与俄罗斯神秘教派联系在一起，这些教派在地面上完全是素食主义者，类似于托尔斯泰提出的教派。因此，托尔斯泰对神秘教派意识形态的渗透似乎比先前想象的要深刻得多。1999年和2000年在资助基金的基础上所做的研究，揭示了托尔斯泰作品中许多新的材料和一些不为人知的方面，为今后的工作提供了新的动力。少

The mutual influence of more religously herectic and ascetic idealsbetween Tolstoy and some of the mystical sects has been the whole downplayed and neglected by the researchers. Tolstoy had, however, an actual and quite active connections with some radical sects, including khlysti, skoptsy, among others, especially in the 1880s and onwards after the conversion. Apparently, he read widely literature concerning these sects, some of which is found in his library. He had conversations with scholars in this fieldl. He seems to have been familiar with precepts of khlysty. He led a lengthy debate with skoptsy on the meaning of castration in an ascetic life. His intellectual and moral involvements with the creed of the mystic sects are naturally reflected in his writings of this period. The Kreutser Sonata carries a utopian message of the Kingdom of God on Earth which will be realized when the mankind eliminates gender and restores its status before the "Fall, " an idea much similar to the one … More held by the skoptsy. The murdered wife is likened to a "sister, " according to the conception of the khlysti. The stabbing of the wife can paradoxically be reread as an act of castration (genderless in Russian), operated on her and thus making Podnyshev a skopets. The concepts related to the mystical sects are all highly ambiguous and ambivalent. The scorching of a finger observed in The Devil and Father Sergius can be read as a symbolic act of castration, which in fact is consumated in the case of Father Sergius by his self-amputation of his finger.The call for vegetarianism observed in Father Sergius is fully developed in other propagandistic writings such as he First Step." The principle is related by Tolstoy to ascetic purposes, together with his call for temperance on alchoholic drinks and tabacco. This diverts him away from the humanitarianism of European vegetarianism, often wrongly connected with Tolstoy and rather associates him with the Russian mystic sects, which were on the whole vegetarian on the ground similar to that propounded by Tolstoy. Thus, the immersion of Tolstoy into the ideologies of the mystic sects seems to be far more deeply rooted than imagined earlier. The research done on the basis of the Grant-in-Aid in the years 1999 and 2000 has brought to light much new material and a hitherto unknownaspects of Tolstoy's works, and offered a fresh impetus for work to be done in future. Less