International comparative study of standard and process for evaluating judicial competency in criminal procedure

本课题对作为诉讼参与者的被告人在法庭诉讼中的能力评价方法--“审判能力标准”进行了研究。首先，分析了日本最高法院审判能力案件和下级法院审判能力案件的判例化倾向。分析结果表明：（1）日本法院法官回避司法不称职的认定，倾向于认定被告人精神病;（2）精神医学界和法律界对司法不称职的标准缺乏共识;（3）司法能力的评估程序不明确; 4）当被告收到不称职的裁决时，他/她将无限期地暂停法庭诉讼。第二，为了探讨这些问题并寻求解决之道，本研究试图比较国外有关司法管辖权的指导原则和标准。通过对美国司法能力概念的废除派和修正派的讨论，研究者发现引入决策能力和律师辅助能力的分类能力概念是重要的建议。通过对加拿大新发展的司法能力程序的考察，研究者还发现，如果没有独立的司法能力评估机构，没有司法权力将其送到专门的机构处理不称职的被告，我们的刑事法院制度就不可能有日本现行程序的发展。

In this project, the research of "standard for judicial competency", which means a way for evaluating ability of defendant in the court procedure as a participant of the procedure, was done.First, this researcher analyzed the tendency of Japanese Supreme Court cases of judicial competency and the lower coxirts' cases following the precedents. The results of the analysis are; 1) in Japanese courts the judge escapes their finding of judicial incompetents and prefer deciding the defendant's insanity; 2) in psychiatry and law profession there is lack of sharing knowledge of standard for judicial incompetence; 3) the process of evaluating judicial competence is unclear; 4) when a defendant receive the finding of incompetence he/she would have unlimited suspension of court proceeding. It would be very dubious in human rights.Second, for discussion of these issues and finding any resolution this researcher tried to compare other system concerning judicial competence guideline and standard of competency from outside of this country. Through a discussion of abolitionist and revisionist of judicial competence concept in United States, the researcher have found important suggestion to introduce classifying competence concept on decision making ability and attorney assistant ability. Through a process of new developed procedure of judicial competence in Canada, the researcher has also found that without setting independent body for evaluating judicial competence and having judicial power to send them to special institute to treatment the incompetent defendants, we could not have any development of current Japanese procedure of our criminal court system.