Judeo-Gūrānī: Exploring Linguistic and Cultural Interactions between Jews and Non-Jews in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries in Iran

朱迪奥-古兰瓦，这是完全缺席的研究古兰瓦文学，是一个日益重要的领域，在调查19世纪和20世纪在伊朗的犹太人和非犹太人之间的社会，智力和语言的互动。值得了解的是，是什么因素导致克尔曼沙的犹太人接触了非犹太文学传统古兰瓦文学，以及这种文化交流如何反映了该地区种族间关系的动态。另一个重要的方面是了解他们在什么社会背景下接受和记录了这一非犹太文学传统，以及犹太学者、赞助人和机构在接收、传播和保存克尔曼沙的戈伦瓦文学方面所起的作用。朱迪奥-古兰语文本提供了各种独特的特点，因为不同的语言，如波斯语、南库尔德语、古兰语和哈瓦米语的接触，提供了各种独特的特征，因此对于代码转换、语言融合、借用、皮钦语和相关主题的研究特别重要。本项目的总体目标是：1)在朱迪奥-古伦瓦传统的背景下讨论、测试和更新Gūrānī的概念；2)用共时和历时的方法重建文本的语言概况；3)研究朱迪奥-古伦瓦与共同领土文学和其他活着的口语变体的不同程度。为了回答这些问题，并提供有效的跨语言研究，拟议的项目将通过使用克尔曼沙和萨克兹的犹太人所写的格伦瓦文本，并将它们与穆斯林用波斯文书写的类似文本和所说的格朗尼变体进行比较，来解决文学格伦瓦类型学中一系列悬而未决的复杂问题。在我们的分析中，我们将使用一个大约600页的语料库，其中包括5个犹太古兰经手稿和500页类似的波斯文古龙文手稿。考虑到四种关于文学作品《格朗尼》语言面貌的主要理论：1)格朗瓦是一个KOINé(MacKenzie 2002)，2)《格罗南是一个连续体》(Kreyenbroek&Chaman Ara 2013)，3)《格朗瓦》文本是哈瓦米的书面形式(Moftiadeh 2017)，4)《格伦是一种高级变种，而哈瓦米是一种低级变种》(卡拉米语和高拉米语即将问世)，本项目旨在回答以下语言学研究问题：1)不同的格伦语变体的语言在语法上表现出多大程度的趋同？2)文学格朗语和哈瓦米在语言上有什么不同3)语言接触在多大程度上对塑造犹太古兰经的语言形象起了作用？

Judeo-Gûrânî, which is entirely absent from the study of Gûrânî literature, is an increasingly important area in investigating social, intellectual, and linguistic interactions between Jews and Non-Jews in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Iran. It is worth knowing what factors led to the Jews of Kermanshah engaging with Gûrânî literature, a non-Jewish literary tradition, and how did this cultural exchange reflect the dynamics of interethnic relations in the region. A further important aspect is to understand, in what social context they received and recorded this non-Jewish literary tradition and what was the role of Jewish scholars, patrons, and institutions in the reception, transmission, and preservation of Gûrânî literature in Kermanshah. Judeo-Gûrânî texts offer a variety of unique features due contact of different languages such as Persian, South Kurdish, Gûrânî and Hawrami, and are thus of particular importance for the study of code switching, language convergence, borrowing, pidgins, and related topics. The overarching objective of the present project is: 1) To discuss, test and update the concept of Gūrānī in the context of the Judeo- Gûrânî tradition; 2) to reconstruct the linguistic profile of the texts using synchronic and diachronic approaches; and 3) to study the extent to which Judeo- Gûrânî differs from co-territorial Literary Gûrânî and other living, spoken varieties. In order to answer these questions, as well as to provide an effective cross-linguistic study, the proposed project will address a series of unresolved and complex issues in the typology of Literary Gûrânî by using Gûrânî texts that were written by the Jews of Kermanshah and Saqqez, and by comparing them to similar texts that were written by Muslims in Persian script and to spoken Gûrânî varieties. For our analysis, we will employ a roughly 600-page corpus of five Judeo- Gûrânî manuscripts and 500 pages of similar Gûrânî texts in Persian script. Considering four main theories regarding the linguistic profile of Literary Gûrânî: 1) Gûrânî is a Koiné (MacKenzie 2002), 2) Gûrânî is a Continuum (Kreyenbroek & Chaman Ara 2013), 3) Gûrânî texts are written forms of Hawrami (Moftizadeh 2017), 4) Gûrânî is a high variety and Hawrami a low variety in a diglossic situation (Karami and Gholami forthcoming), the project aims to answer the following linguistic research questions: 1) What degree of convergence does the language of different Gûrânî varieties show in their grammar? 2) What are linguistic differences between Literary Gûrânî, spoken Gûrânî and Hawrami verities? 3) To what extent does language contact play a role in shaping the linguistic profile of Judeo- Gûrânî texts?