Japanese multinational corporation and the creation of transborder urban system in Singapore region

在包括新加坡、马来西亚南柔佛州和印度尼西亚廖内省在内的一个地区，主要与制造业相关的工业活动一直在增加-一个被称为增长三角或SIJORI(新加坡-柔佛-廖内省)的地区。跨国公司的跨境经济活动通过发展跨国分包制度，促成了这一综合经济区的建立。SIJORI在该地区的历史上有着相当深厚的根基。到第二次世界大战时，新加坡岛已经通过“堤道”与柔佛州首府柔佛州建立了联系，这是一座在英国殖民统治下建造的建筑，用于支持马来西亚的橡胶出口。20世纪60年代初，新加坡西部裕廊地区发展了广泛的制造业基础设施，以促进该地区的经济一体化。当时，新加坡和马来西亚正试图通过建立一个共同的联邦政府来团结，而这个印度河…更多的试验性基础设施-在国际社会的帮助下开发-旨在促进这一未来的联邦。虽然联邦在1965年成立后不久就解体了，但新加坡和柔佛仍然保持着相互的关系，就像他们自20世纪初以来所做的那样。由于这种紧密的联系，新加坡政府在吸引外国直接投资马来西亚方面比其他东南亚国家更有效。人们普遍认为，新加坡政府在80年代末的活动导致了90年代SIJORI的成立。然而，马来西亚联邦和州政府早在20世纪70年代就开始在柔佛州建设大部分制造业基础设施，以促进当地工业化；因此，马来西亚政府有责任像在其他外围地区那样，为柔佛州的发展注入大量资本。此外，印度尼西亚政府在廖内省也采取了类似的努力。SIJORI之所以成立，是因为该地区横跨的三个国家同意合作实现经济增长，尽管它们在政治上存在分歧。美国和日本的跨国公司也在该区域实现的快速经济增长中发挥了关键作用。然而，该区域的经济基础既不是独立稳定的，也不具有本质上的投机性。相反，该地区的公司深受美国和日本国内市场的影响。在此背景下，日本跨国公司在1997年亚洲经济危机后减少了在该区域的活动。较少

Predominantly manufacturing-related industrial activity has been increasing in a region that includes Singapore, Southern Johor State in Malaysia, and Riau Province in Indonesia---a region known as the Growth Triangle, or SIJORI (Singapore-Johor-Riau). Cross-border economic activity by transnational corporations "TNC" has led to the creation of this integrated economic region through the development of a transnational subcontracting system. SIJORI has rather deep roots in the history of the region. By World War II, the island of Singapore was already linked to Johor Bahru, the capital of Johor State, by "the Causeway", a structure built under British colonial rule to support the export of rubber from Malaysia. In the early 1960s, extensive manufacturing infrastructure was developed in the Jurong area of western Singapore to promote the economic integration of the region. At the time, Singapore and Malaysia were trying to unite by establishing a common federal government, and this indus … More trial infrastructure---developed with the assistance the international community---was intended to promote this future federation. Although the federation broke apart soon after its creation in 1965, Singapore and Johor nonetheless maintained a mutual relationship, as they had since the early twentieth century. Owing to these strong ties, the Singaporean government has been more effective in introducing direct foreign investment to Malaysia than in other Southeast Asian countries.It is commonly believed that the activities of the Singaporean government at the end of the 1980s led to the establishment of SIJORI in the 1990s. However, Malaysian federal and state governments built much of the manufacturing infrastructure in Johor for the purpose of promoting local industrialization, beginning as early as the 1970s; the Malaysian government is thus responsible for having injected a great deal of capital into the development of Johor, as it has done in other peripheral regions. The Indonesian government, moreover, undertook similar efforts in Riau. SIJORI was created because the three nations spanned by the region agreed to cooperate to achieve economic growth despite their political differences. Both American and Japanese TNCs have also played crucial roles in the rapid economic growth that has been realized in the region. Nevertheless, the region's economic base is neither independently stable nor essentially speculative in nature. Rather, companies in the region have been deeply influenced by both the American and Japanese domestic markets. Against this backdrop, Japanese TNCs reduced their activities in the region after the Asian economic crisis of 1997. Less