Control of Failure Modes of Civil-Infrastructures Experiencing Large Soil Defomations Caused by Surface Fault Ruptures

1999年8月17日土耳其科贾埃利地震和9月17日土耳其地震。1999年12月21日台湾集集大地震对大城市造成严重威胁。这些地震最引人注目的方面之一是断层直接造成的结构破坏，这给我们提出了如何最大限度地减少断层相关破坏的难题。首先，已建立了以往损坏实例的数字数据档案，作为进一步深入讨论的必要基础。第二，一些新的tods已经被开发用于预测断层引起的土壤变形的可能程度。它们包括Hori，M.例如，目黑，K.以及Konagai，K. NL-SSFEM允许故障形成和可能的配置的概率估计。从AEM模拟中发现，正好在地表破裂上方的峰值响应不可能是破裂面外的峰值响应中最大的。物质点法（MPM）采用拉格朗日-欧拉运动描述，可以消除网格畸变问题，便于描述土体的大变形。将MPM方法进一步推广到三维分析中，并在本章中对群桩在基岩断层引起的土体变形作用下的性状进行了数值研究。

Aug 17, 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake in Turkey and Sept. 21, 1999 ChiChi Earthquake in Taiwan were a serious threat to mega cities. One of the most spectacular aspects of these earthquakes was the damage to structures inflicted directly by faulting, which poses difficult problems to us about minimizing the fault-related damage. Firstly a digital data archive of previous damage examples has been made as the essential basis for further advanced discussions. Secondly some tods have been newly developed for predicting possible extents of fault-induced soil deformations. They include Non-linear Spectral Stochastic Finite Element Method (NL-SSFEM) by Hori, M. et al., Applied Element Method (AEM) by Meguro, K. and Material Point Method (MPM) combined with Hypo-plastic Model by Konagai, K. NL-SSFEM allows a probabilistic estimation of both the fault formation and the possible configuration. It is found from AEM simulations that the peak response exactly above a surface rupture is not likely the largest among those off the rupture plane. Material Point Method (MPM), by virtue of its scheme formulated in an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian description of motion, allows the problem of mesh distortions to be eliminated, and thus large deformation of soils is easily described. MPM is further extended for 3D analyzes, and lastiy in this chapter, behavior of a pile group subjected to soil deformation caused by faulting at its bedrock is numerically studied using the 3D MPM.