Earthquake-induced long-term change of landforms and its implication for rational rehabilitations

2005年10月8日，巴基斯坦克什米尔地区发生了一场毁灭性的地震。这次地震是由一个已知的活动断层重新激活引起的，后来被定义为巴拉科特？巴格断层在其整个伸展段造成了广泛的边坡破坏。地震在巴基斯坦查谟-克什米尔邦的哈田-巴拉镇上游3.5公里处引发了巨大的滑坡。该碎屑块阻塞了热勒姆河卡里支流的两条支流，并于2010年2月9日决口。这个碎片坝为我们提供了一个难得的机会，让我们仔细和持续地观察它的震后行为，特别是因为它对生活在卡利河和杰勒姆河下游的人们构成了严重威胁。研究结果基于地形激光扫描图像和差分地质定位系统（DGPS）测量结果，描述了碎屑体的形成后行为，不仅是碎屑体，而且是上游和下游的破碎变化。地震还造成了一些泥石流，特别是在阿扎德查谟和克什米尔的省会穆扎法拉巴德附近。地震引起的斜坡破坏导致了大量的碎屑物质在季风期间流入深切口的小溪，袭击了穆扎法拉巴德山谷沿岸的居民。两次GPS测量与河道形态参数一起进行，并观察变化，以研究季风期间沿这些溪流的泥石流的影响。除物理测量外，在进行参数研究并根据主题地形和地质环境校准模型后，使用深度平均物质点法（DAMPM）模拟实际泥石流。研究并讨论了不同模型输入参数对泥石流跳动特征的广义效应。在对数值工具进行验证的基础上，研究了单个闭式止回坝在不同位置对其下游河段降低跳动强度的贡献，得到了最优选择。少

A devastating earthquake occurred in Kashmir, Pakistan on October 8^<th>, 2005. This earthquake resulted from reactivation of a known active fault later defined as the Balakot?Bagh fault, which caused widespread slope failure throughout its stretch. The quake triggered a huge landslide 3.5 km upstream of Hattian-Bala town in the state of Azad Jammu Kashmir of Pakistan. The debris mass blocked two tributaries of the Karli branch of the Jhelum River, and was breached on 9^<th> February 2010. This debris dam provided us with a rare opportunity to keep careful and continuous eyes on its post-earthquake behaviour especially as it was a serious threat to people living along the lower reaches of both the Karli and Jhelum Rivers. The result of this research describes post-formation behaviours of the debris mass, breaching-inflicted changes of not only the debris mass but also both upstream and downstream reaches based upon laser-scanned images of landforms and Differential Geological Positioni … More ng System (DGPS) survey results. The quake was also responsible for a number of debris flows particularly around Muzaffarabad, the provincial capital of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Quake-induced slope failures resulted in a huge amount of debris material which flows in deeply incised creeks during monsoon and hits the inhabitants along the valley in Muzaffarabad. Two GPS measurements were carried out along with channel morphometric parameters and observed changes to investigate the effect of debris flows along these creeks during monsoon. Other than the physical measurements, actual debris flow was simulated using the Depth Average Material Point Method (DAMPM) after carrying out parametric study and calibrating the model for subject topographical and geological settings. The generalized effect of different input parameters of the model on debris flow runout features was studied and discussed. After ensuring validation of the numerical tool, the contribution of a single closed-type check dam to decrease runout intensity to its downstream reach was also investigated for different locations to obtain optimized selection. Less