Earthquake-induced long-term change of landforms and its implication for rational rehabilitations

2005年10月8日，巴基斯坦克什米尔发生毁灭性地震。这场地震是由于后来被定义为巴拉科特？巴格断层的一条已知的活动断层重新激活造成的，它在整个延伸段造成了广泛的斜坡破坏。地震在巴基斯坦阿扎德查谟克什米尔邦哈提安-巴拉镇上游3.5公里处引发了巨大的山体滑坡。碎片堵塞了杰勒姆河卡利支流的两条支流，并于2010年2月9日决口。这座瓦砾坝为我们提供了一个难得的机会，使我们能够密切和持续地关注它在地震后的行为，特别是因为它对生活在卡利河和杰赫勒姆河下游的人们构成了严重威胁。这项研究的结果描述了碎屑块形成后的行为，不仅碎屑块破裂造成的变化，而且基于激光扫描的地貌图像和差异地质位置…上下游都发生了变化更多NG系统(DGPS)调查结果。地震还造成了一些泥石流，特别是在阿扎德查谟和克什米尔省会穆扎法拉巴德周围。地震引发的斜坡坍塌导致了大量的碎石物质，在季风期间，这些碎石物质流入深深切割的小溪，击中了穆扎法拉巴德山谷沿线的居民。进行了两次GPS测量以及河道形态参数和观测变化，以调查季风期间沿这些小溪的泥石流的影响。除了物理测量外，在进行参数研究并根据对象的地形和地质环境对模型进行校准后，使用深度平均物质点方法(DAMPM)模拟实际泥石流。研究和讨论了模型不同输入参数对泥石流径流特征的综合影响。在保证数值工具的有效性的基础上，还考察了不同位置的单个封闭式淤地坝对降低下游河段冲沙强度的贡献，以获得最优选择。较少

A devastating earthquake occurred in Kashmir, Pakistan on October 8^<th>, 2005. This earthquake resulted from reactivation of a known active fault later defined as the Balakot?Bagh fault, which caused widespread slope failure throughout its stretch. The quake triggered a huge landslide 3.5 km upstream of Hattian-Bala town in the state of Azad Jammu Kashmir of Pakistan. The debris mass blocked two tributaries of the Karli branch of the Jhelum River, and was breached on 9^<th> February 2010. This debris dam provided us with a rare opportunity to keep careful and continuous eyes on its post-earthquake behaviour especially as it was a serious threat to people living along the lower reaches of both the Karli and Jhelum Rivers. The result of this research describes post-formation behaviours of the debris mass, breaching-inflicted changes of not only the debris mass but also both upstream and downstream reaches based upon laser-scanned images of landforms and Differential Geological Positioni … More ng System (DGPS) survey results. The quake was also responsible for a number of debris flows particularly around Muzaffarabad, the provincial capital of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Quake-induced slope failures resulted in a huge amount of debris material which flows in deeply incised creeks during monsoon and hits the inhabitants along the valley in Muzaffarabad. Two GPS measurements were carried out along with channel morphometric parameters and observed changes to investigate the effect of debris flows along these creeks during monsoon. Other than the physical measurements, actual debris flow was simulated using the Depth Average Material Point Method (DAMPM) after carrying out parametric study and calibrating the model for subject topographical and geological settings. The generalized effect of different input parameters of the model on debris flow runout features was studied and discussed. After ensuring validation of the numerical tool, the contribution of a single closed-type check dam to decrease runout intensity to its downstream reach was also investigated for different locations to obtain optimized selection. Less