Earthquake-induced long-term change of landforms and its implication for rational rehabilitations

2005年10月8日，巴基斯坦克什米尔地区发生了一次毁灭性的地震<th>。这场地震是由一个已知的活动断层重新激活引起的，后来被定义为巴拉科特？巴格断层，造成广泛的边坡破坏整个延伸。据报道，这次地震是在巴基斯坦克什米尔阿扎德查谟邦哈提安-巴拉镇上游3.5公里处发生的。碎片阻塞了杰赫勒姆河卡尔利分支的两条支流，并于2010年2月9日决口<th>。这座土石坝为我们提供了一个难得的机会，使我们能够密切和持续地关注它在地震后的行为，特别是因为它对居住在卡尔利河和杰赫勒姆河下游沿着的人们构成了严重威胁。研究结果描述了泥石流体形成后的行为，并根据激光扫描地貌图像和差异地质位置，不仅描述了泥石流体，而且还描述了上游和下游河段的破坏变化。 ...更多信息 ng系统（DGPS）测量结果。这次地震还造成了一些泥石流，特别是在阿扎德查谟和克什米尔省会穆扎法拉巴德周围。地震引发的斜坡崩塌导致大量碎屑物质在季风期间流入深切的小溪，并沿着穆扎法拉巴德山谷袭击居民。两个GPS测量进行了沿着与通道形态参数和观察变化，以调查的影响，泥石流沿着这些小溪在季风。除了物理测量，实际泥石流模拟深度平均物质点法（DAMPM）后，进行参数研究和校准模型的主题地形和地质设置。研究和讨论了模型不同输入参数对泥石流径流特征的综合影响。在确保数值工具的有效性后，还研究了单个封闭式淤地坝在不同位置对降低下游河段径流强度的贡献，以获得优化选择。少

A devastating earthquake occurred in Kashmir, Pakistan on October 8^<th>, 2005. This earthquake resulted from reactivation of a known active fault later defined as the Balakot?Bagh fault, which caused widespread slope failure throughout its stretch. The quake triggered a huge landslide 3.5 km upstream of Hattian-Bala town in the state of Azad Jammu Kashmir of Pakistan. The debris mass blocked two tributaries of the Karli branch of the Jhelum River, and was breached on 9^<th> February 2010. This debris dam provided us with a rare opportunity to keep careful and continuous eyes on its post-earthquake behaviour especially as it was a serious threat to people living along the lower reaches of both the Karli and Jhelum Rivers. The result of this research describes post-formation behaviours of the debris mass, breaching-inflicted changes of not only the debris mass but also both upstream and downstream reaches based upon laser-scanned images of landforms and Differential Geological Positioni … More ng System (DGPS) survey results. The quake was also responsible for a number of debris flows particularly around Muzaffarabad, the provincial capital of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Quake-induced slope failures resulted in a huge amount of debris material which flows in deeply incised creeks during monsoon and hits the inhabitants along the valley in Muzaffarabad. Two GPS measurements were carried out along with channel morphometric parameters and observed changes to investigate the effect of debris flows along these creeks during monsoon. Other than the physical measurements, actual debris flow was simulated using the Depth Average Material Point Method (DAMPM) after carrying out parametric study and calibrating the model for subject topographical and geological settings. The generalized effect of different input parameters of the model on debris flow runout features was studied and discussed. After ensuring validation of the numerical tool, the contribution of a single closed-type check dam to decrease runout intensity to its downstream reach was also investigated for different locations to obtain optimized selection. Less