Historical Anthropology of the Child-rearing Practices in Medieval and Early Modern Europe

这项研究是在《中世纪和近代早期欧洲育儿实践的历史人类学》这一主题下进行的，目的是首先探讨中世纪和近代早期欧洲养育实践的变化过程，重点研究这些时期的育儿材料，并重新审视养育实践本身所固有的发展影响。其次，在方法论上，从现代进步理性主义的角度来看，教育和经济、政治通史上的传统含义将与历史人类学的含义不同。在从中世纪向现代的过渡时期，父母或成年一代在生命周期的各个阶段--怀孕和分娩、断奶和如厕训练、行走训练、婴儿、男孩和女孩、青春期和青春期--的照顾、抚养和管教的做法发生了巨大变化，特别是在现代时代。最根本和最激烈的批评之一是让·雅克·卢梭提出的，他驳斥了婴儿被子和奶妈的传统做法。这一反驳拓展了理解童年的新视野，但同时也推动了另一种将童年“关”在保护范围内的新思想。

This study was promoted under the theme of"The Historical Anthropology of Child-rearing Practices in Medieval and Early Modern Europe"in order firstly to explore the changing process of child-rearing practice in the Medieval and Early Modern Europe, by focusing on the materials about child-rearing in these periods, and also by revisioning the developmental implications inherent in the child-rearing practices themselves. And secondly, methodologically, the conventional implications viewing from the point of modern progressive rationalism in the general history of education and economy and politics will be differed from the implications by historical anthropology.In these transitional period from Medieval to Modern, the practice of infant caring, bringing-up, and discipline by parents or adult generations in each stages of life-cycles--conception and delivery of child, periods of weaning and toilet-training, walking training, infant, boyhood and girlhood, puberty, and adolescence--are dramatically changed, especially in the era of modern. One of the most fundamental and drastic criticism was proposed by Jean Jacques Rousseau who has refuted the traditional practices of swaddling and wet-nursing. This refute enlarged the new horizon of understanding childhood, but at the same time, this critic promoted another new ideology of"enclosing"childhood in protective sphere.