On the representations of Dystopia in Modern English Literature and Its Critical Functions

自从柏拉图的《理想国》出现以来，不少思想家和作家向我们呈现了乌托邦的各种形象，即现实中不存在的理想社会。寻找乌托邦的谱系，我们发现在二十世纪出现了许多描绘反乌托邦或反乌托邦的小说：扎米亚京的《我们》，奥尔德斯·赫胥黎的《1984年的美丽新世界》，乔治·奥威尔的《美丽新世界》，等等。它们有一个相似的特点，那就是一个最初以实现理想社会为目标而组织起来的共同体，现在却被专制政权所管理，其居民完全被剥夺了自由意志。应该说，这是一种反对极权主义意识形态的文学表达，我们可以在斯大林或希特勒的政权中看到典型的例子。如今，我们有些担忧，技术的飞速发展可能最终会达到我们无法再控制复杂、过于复杂的全球系统的地步，从而让我们更加真切地感受到反乌托邦的文学表达。在本次研究中，我特别关注了一些在乌托邦思想史上被视为乌托邦变体的反乌托邦的版本，并借助近期对女性主义、后殖民主义、文化研究的研究，从多个角度考察了其特征。此外，我发现大多数反乌托邦小说都关注语言问题，我试图以迈克尔·巴赫丁的理论为基础构建一种“反乌托邦语言学”。此外，通过展示后现代作家以及罗伯特·科米尔（Robert Cormier）等青年小说家对反乌托邦的处理，我证实了反乌托邦的主题对我们来说比以往任何时候都具有更现实、更关键的意义和相关性。

Since the appearance of Plato's Republic, not a few thinkers and writers have presented us various images of utopia as the ideal society which does not exist in reality. Searching for the genealogy of utopia, we find there emerged in the twentieth century a number of novels which depicted dystopia or anti-Utopia : We by Zamyatin, Brave New World by Aldous Huxley in Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, to mention but a few. They have a similar characteristic in that a community, organized first from the motif of realizing the ideal society, is now managed by the despotic power, its inhabitants entirely deprived of free will. It should be said that it was a literary expression which reacted against the ideology of Totalitarianism whose typical instances we could see in the regimes of Stalin or Hitler. These days, we have some misgivings that the unbelievably rapid progress of technology might have at last reached the point where we could no longer control the complicated, too sophisticated global system, so that we feel the literary expression of dystopia all the more actual.In this research, I especially paid attention to some versions of dystopia, which has been treated as a variant of utopia in the history of utopian thought, and investigated its characteristics from a number of points of view, with the help of recent studies of feminism, postcolonialism, and cultural studies. Moreover, finding that most novels of dystopia showing concern on the problem of language, I tried to construct a kind of "dystopian linguistics" with the base of the theory of Michael Bahtin. Furthermore, showing that it is now handled by postmodern writers, as well as by Young Adult novelists, such as Robert Cormier, I have confirmed that the theme of dystopia has more actual, critical significance and relevance for us than ever.