The early modern Japanese justice and administration in the type of asking for approval of upper class organ

德川时期的司法决策过程是由求取上层机关批准的过程和由上层机关批准的过程构成的。我们可以称这种决策过程为“Ukagai-Shirei”（询问并给予批准）类型的司法管理。最高法院法官从“判决一致”的角度对下级法院法官的判决原判进行审查。最高法院法官重视通过对同类案件作出相同判决来保持法律的稳定性。Roju也认为“判决的一致性”非常重要，有时会与最高法院的法官就他们提交的报告是否符合《德川幕府法典》和Roju以前的判例进行争论。因此，德川王朝的法律体系寻求“判决的统一”。统一对于保持法律的稳定是非常重要的。然而，法律上的先例是罗州的命令。因此，最高法院的法官不能做出与法律先例不同的决定，即使他们认为有关的先例是不正确的。因此，在“Ukagai-Shirei”式司法制度下的“判决一致”注定要趋于保守。

In Tokugawa period, the decision making processes in the administration of justice were constructed from the process of asking for approvals of upper class organ and from by the process of giving the approvals from it. We can call this decision making processes "Ukagai-Shirei" (asking and giving approval) type of administration of justice. The supreme court judges checked the original sentences of judgments from the lower court judges from the point of "uniformity of judgements". The supreme court judges attached importance to keeping the legal stability through giving same decision on the same kind of cases. Roju also thought the "uniformity of judgements" very important and sometimes argued with the supreme court judges on wether the reports submitted from them were compatible with Osadamegaki, the Code of Tokugawa Shogunate, and with precedents made by Roju before. Thus the Tokugawa Snogunate's legal system seeked for the "uniformity of judgments". The uniformity was very important to keep the legal stability indeed. The legal precedent, however, were the orders of Roju. The supreme court judges therefore could not make a different decision from the legal precedent, even if they thought the precedent concerned was not right. Thus the "uniformity of judgements" which was made under the system of "Ukagai-Shirei" type of administration of justice was destined to become conservative.