The Birth of Medical Market and Its Regulation : A Case Study of Consumer Society in the Nineteenth Century

这项研究考察了19世纪英国医学界是如何通过日益增长的消费文化和健康商品化来构建的。许多历史学家认为，虽然在18世纪，医学主要是由人们在免费医疗市场购买健康的愿望指导的，在这个市场上，正规医生和流动江湖小贩之间几乎没有划分，但在19世纪，随着社会的不断职业化，医学成为了一个有尊严的领域。然而，考察维多利亚晚期的医疗商品和医生的市场化行为表明，这种情况需要重新考虑。随着工业化社会市场活动的增加，商品关系在19世纪末变得越来越重要。城镇的城市化和城市中产阶级的繁荣导致了购物活动的增加和享乐主义Des…的增长更多的资金流向大宗商品。在眼花缭乱的广告文化的包围下，消费者购买商品是为了自我实现，追求更多享乐主义的目的。医学也不例外。医生永远不能忽视消费者在完全商业化的背景下改善自己健康的愿望。将医务人员理解为这一背景下的完全参与者，揭示了医疗职业的一致性实际上并不是19世纪医学的唯一甚至主要特征。这项研究考察了医疗专业人员如何与众多医疗商品联系在一起，如电子皮带、电动按摩机、土耳其浴缸和各种专利药品。电疗产品首先被审查，因为这是一个最丑闻的案例，引发了精英医生的严格审查。在维多利亚时代晚期的技术化时代，电力和医学不仅成为职业争论和骚动的温床，也为电气工程师等新兴职业创造了扩大商机的希望。因此，我得出结论，即使在维多利亚时代的商品文化繁荣和人们自我幻想的享乐主义消费方式达到顶峰之前，医疗资本主义就已经渗透到了看似成熟的医疗专业精神的纯洁之中。因此，19世纪的医疗行业表现出比传统情景所描述的更多样化和更少的控制。较少

This study examines the ways in which the nineteenth century medical world in Britain was constructed by a growing consumer culture and the commodification of health. Many historians have assumed that although in the eighteenth century, medicine was mainly directed by peoples' desire to buy health in free-for-all medical market in which little demarcation existed between regular physicians and itinerant quack vendors, in the nineteenth century medicine became a dignified field through the ongoing professionalization of the society. Examination of the medical commodities and doctors' market-oriented behaviors in late Victorian period, however, shows that this scenario needs to be reconsidered.Through the increasing market activities of industrialized society, commodity relations became more and more important in the late nineteenth century. Urbanization of the town, and the prosperity of middle class in the cities led to the increase in shopping activities and a growth of hedonistic des … More ires toward commodities. Surrounded by a dazzling advertising culture, consumers bought commodities for the sake of their self-realization and to pursue more hedonistic purposes. Medicine was no exception. Medical doctors were never able to overlook consumers' desire to improve their health in a fully commercialized context. Understanding medical personnel as full participants in this context reveals that uniformity of medical profession was not, in fact, the sole or even principal characteristic of the nineteenth century medical medicine.This study examines the ways in which medical professionals became affiliated with numerous medical commodities such as electric belts, electro-massage machines, Turkish Bath, and multifarious patent medicines. Electro-therapeutic goods are examined first, as a most scandalous case which incited the serious censorship by elite doctors. In the technologizing late Victorian age, electricity and medicine not only became a the hotbed of professional debate and tumult, but also created a hope for newly emerging professionals like electrical engineers to extend their business opportunities.I conclude, therefore, that even before the efflorescence of lave Victorian commodity culture and people's way self-illusory hedonistic culmination toward consumption, medical capitalism had permeated the seemingly well-established purity of medical professionalism. As a result the medical profession in the nineteenth century shows itself as more various and less controlled than the traditional scenario has described. Less