Evolution of Caracters among populations with restricted gene flows.

为了阐明影响基因流动受限群体间差异演化和性状停滞的因素，本研究项目获得了3个主要结果。首先，我们开发了两种新的方法，可以很容易地从任意选择的生物体中获得许多微卫星位点。特别是，使用外切酶III的方法比其他报道的方法更好，因为新方法避免了旧方法的两个问题，即在PCR过程中产生嵌合体序列和重复克隆同一位点到所用载体。利用新方法获得的微卫星位点，我们可以在一个孤雌繁殖的蚁群中检测到多个基因型系的存在。此外，利用新方法获得的微卫星位点，我们在几种黄蜂、蚂蚁和一种蜥蜴的几个位点上检测到遗传多态性。因此，我们可以制备分析群体遗传结构所需的遗传标记。其次，利用傅里叶描述子定量地描述了土蜈蚣的剪刀形，并发现了种群内和种群间的显著差异。我们获得了该物种的14个微卫星位点。因此，对种群的遗传分析将阐明种群内和种群间形态分化与遗传多样性之间的关系。第三，我们发现了两个蜥蜴种群在逃跑行为上的差异。这种差异似乎是对栖息地中普拉托存在的反应。对于这种蜥蜴，我们获得了24个微卫星位点。通过使用这些基因座，我们将阐明prator和应答行为之间的进化关系。部分研究结果已在科学期刊和科学大会上发表。

In order to clarify factors affecting evolution of differences and stasis of characters among populations with restricted gene flows, we obtained 3 main results from this research project supported by this grant.First, we developped two new methods by which we easyly get many microsatellite loci from arbitraricaly selected organisms. Especially, a method using Exonuclease III is better than other reported methods because the new method escaped from two problems of the old methods, which are production of chimera sequences at PCR procefures and repearted clonings of the same locus to used vector. By using microsatellite loci obtained from the new methods, we could detect exsistence of multiple genotypic lines in a colony of a parthenogentic ant. In addition, using microsatellite loci from the new methods, we detected genetic polymorphisms on several loci in several wasps, ants and a lizard. Thus, we could prepare genetic markers that are required to analyze genetic structure of populations.Second, we quantitatively described scissors shapes of earwigs by using Fourier discriptor and found significant variances within and among populations. We obtained 14 microsatellite loci for this species. Thus, genetic analisis on the populations will clarify relationship between morphorgical divergence and genetic diversity within and among populations.Third, we detected behavioral difference in escape behaviors between two lizard populations. This difference seemed to respond to existence of pradator at habitat. For this lizard, we obtained 24 microsatellite loci. By using these loci, we will elucidate evolutionary relationship between pradator and responded behaviors.Parts of results has been published on scientific journals and scientific congresses.