Dimension-up mechanism of brain from 2D retinal image to 3D space recognition

人类生活在三维空间中，尽管其视网膜图像仅为二维图像，但对外界三维世界的识别是大脑最重要的工作之一。然后认为大脑自动将二维图像提升为三维空间识别。这个假设被三个不同的实验证明了。他们拍摄了一张照片，其中包括远处的一座山，并在复制时对山的大小进行了不同的改变。这些图片以两种方式呈现给受试者，并要求他们选择一种看起来最真实的。其中一种方法是把照片直接放在受试者面前，另一种方法是给受试者戴上所谓的向上视镜，只有这张照片被受试者看到。在第一种方法中，受试者选择一幅比实际大小大两到三倍的画，以确认大小的恒定。在第二种方式中，受试者选择了原始图片，这意味着图像被识别为一个三维空间，空间的大小发生了恒定。在第二个实验中，研究人员分别向戴上和不戴上“向上”护目镜的受试者展示了一张夜间照片。在一个小的地方，也就是一栋建筑的窗户，展示了各种各样的灰度，被试者被要求将灰度设置在他们看到光源颜色的点上。不带护目镜时，灰度的孟塞尔值被设置为一个较高的值，而带护目镜时，灰度的孟塞尔值被设置为一个较低的值，大约低两个。这意味着被试能够在图片上识别出一个三维空间，构建出一个小尺寸亮度的照明识别视觉空间。由于RVSI的亮度较小，受试者可以看到低孟塞尔值的光源颜色。第三个实验采用内克尔立方体图像作为刺激。在立方体上画了三个黑色光栅和两个同性恋补丁，一个放在黑色光栅上，另一个放在立方体后面。当测量两个灰色斑块的亮度时，当通过up护目镜观察立方体时，放置在黑色光栅上的斑块显得更亮。这意味着该立方体被识别为3D立方体。当黑色光栅被移除时，两个灰色斑块之间的亮度没有差异。它应该意味着没有识别出三维空间，相同的灰色斑块在亮度上出现相同。以上实验均表明，如果只将2D图像排除除图像以外的所有信息呈现给被试，大脑会自动将视网膜图像的维度增加为3D。少

Human being lives in a three dimensional space and it is one of the most important job for the brain to recognize the 3D outsideworld in spite of the fact that its retinal image is a mere 2D picture. It is considered then that the brain automatically increase the 2D image to 3D space recognition. This hypothesis was proved by three different experiments.A picture was taken to include a mountain at a far distance and its copies were made in which the size of the mountain was variously changed. These pictures were presented to subjects in two ways and asked them to choose one that appears most realistic. In one way the pictures were just shown placed in front of the subjects, and in the other way one picture was presented to the subjects with a so-called dimension-up goggle with which only the picture was seeable by the subjects. In the first way the subjects selected a picture in which the mountain was drawn about two to three time larger the the real size to confirm the size constancy. … More In the second way the subjects select the original picture, which implies that the picture was recognized as a 3D space and the size constancy took place for the space.In the second experiment a night soene picture was presented to subjects with and without the D-up goggle. At one small place which was a window of a building various gray scale was presented and the subjects were asked to set the gray scale at the point they saw the light source color there. Without the goggle the Munsell Value of the gray scale was set at a high value, but with the goggle the Value was set at a lower vale, about two lower. This implies that the subjects could recognize a 3D space on the picture and constructed the Recognized Visual Space of Illumination of a small size of brightness. Because of the small brightness size of the RVSI the subjects could see the light source color at a low Munsell Value.In the third experiment picture of the Necker cube was used as the stimulus. Three black gratings were drawn on the cube and two gay patches, one placed on the black gratings and the other behind the cube. When the brightness was measured for the two gray patches, the patch placed on the black gratings appeared brighter when the cube was observed through the D-up goggle. This implies that the cube was recognized as a 3D cube. When the black gratings were removed there was no difference in brightness among the two gray patches. It should imply that no 3D space was recognized and the same gray patches appeared same in brightness.All the above experiments show that that the brain automatically increases the dimension of the retinal image to 3D if the 2D picture was only presented to the subjects by eliminating all other information than the picture. Less