A research on the increase of nuclear family households and the change of ritual knowledge of the Iu Mien (Yao) of Northern Thailand

我们研究了泰国北部刘勉社会核心家庭家庭的增加和礼仪知识变化的因素。我们在白药、南省、清莱省以及清迈市的柳棉村进行了田野调查。结果表明：1.刘勉社会核心家庭的迅速增加是40多年来家庭结构变化过程的一部分。2.原父系联姻家庭中的一些单位(经济作物种植、自给作物种植和膳食)逐渐多样化，最终形成核心家庭。3.家庭长期多样化的因素有以下几点：(1)1970年禁种鸦片的加剧。(2)1989年禁伐政策导致的禁耕结束。(3)职业多样化(非农业职业和劳动力迁移)。(4)适应政府福利政策和地方行政政策。(5)学校教育和泰国文化的影响。4.核心家庭住宅的增加，但他们的祭祖活动是由几个父系家庭为单位维持的。5.礼仪方面的不多样化是适应以下情况的结果；(1)祭司稀缺，礼仪知识代际传递减少。(2)礼仪知识向老一辈人的偏向分配增加。6.针对这一问题，他们组织了一些文化复兴运动。7.由于闭塞耕作的定居，产生了一种新的祭祀形式。8.这些现象是由粗放式修行向静坐修养的转变和对泰国社会的适应造成的。

We researched the factors of the increase of nuclear family households and the change of ritual knowledge among the Iu Mien society in Northern Thailand. We conducted fieldwork at Iu Mien villages in provinces of Phayao, Nan, and Chiang Rai as well as in Chiang Mai City. The result was as follows ;1.The rapid increase of nuclear family household in Iu Mien society was a part of the process of family-structural change continued for past more than forty years.2.Some units (cash crop cultivation, subsistence crop cultivation, and meal) in former patrilineal joint family have been gradually diversified and then their residence was diversified into nuclear families finally.3.The factors in the diversification of family for long period are as follows ;(1)Intensification of forbid of opium cultivation in 1970's.(2)The end of swidden cultivation caused by the logging-ban policy in 1989.(3)The diversification of occupation (non-agricultural occupation and labor migration)(4)Adaptation to governmental welfare policy and local administration policy.(5)Influences of school education and Thai culture.4.Whilst the increases of nuclear family residence, their ritual activities of ancestor worship were maintained by a unit of several households with patrilineal tie.5.Such non-diversification in ritual aspect is a result of adaptation to the situation as follows ;(1)Scarcity of priests and the decrease of transmission of ritual knowledge between generations.(2)The biased distribution of ritual knowledge to the elder generation was increased.6.Responding such a problem, they organized some cultural revival movements.7.As the result of sedentarisation from swidden cultivation, a new form of shrine worship has been made.8.These phenomena were caused by the change from swidden cultivation to sedentary cultivation and the adaptation to Thai society.