The Labour Supply Behavior of Women-Japan, Korea and New Zealand

日本、韩国和新西兰的女性劳动参与率按年龄分布有一个共同而鲜明的特征，即呈双峰型或M型。这些国家的妇女在完成学业后进入劳动力市场，往往会辞去养育孩子的工作，并在这段时间过去后重新进入市场。现代社会中，员工的工作行为千差万别，反映了行业和个体劳动者的需求。但公司制度和政府的社会福利制度与工作行为的变化并不相称。这一事实对女性的影响比男性更大：一般来说，女性选择的工作方式比男性更多，但不仅非典型的，而且典型的女性员工会牺牲工作，放弃生育和其他家庭责任，因为在这些国家，没有有效的政策和足够的设施，和/或男性不愿承担家庭责任。这项研究解释了导致日本、韩国和新西兰这种模式的社会背景。然后提出了对支持系统的思考和建议，特别是对日托中心和产假和育儿假的支持系统，使妇女有机会留在劳动力市场，在不受干扰的情况下继续她们的职业生涯。

The female labor participation rates by ages in Japan, Korea and New Zealand have a common and distinct feature that takes double peaked or M-shaped pattern. Women in these countries enter the labor market when finishing their education, tend to quit the jobs at the time for rearing children, and reenter the market again after that time passes. The employees' work behavior in the modern societies varies considerably, reflecting the needs of the industries and individual workers. But the company regulations and the government social welfare systems are not at par with the changes in work behavior. The fact affects women more often than men: women in general select a greater variety of working styles than men do but not only atypical but also typical female workers are to sacrifice their work over childbearing and other family responsibilities as there are not effective policies and sufficient facilities and/or men are not willing to take family responsibilities in these countries.This research accounts for the social backgrounds that have brought the pattern in Japan, Korea and New Zealand. It then gives a thought and suggestion for support systems, especially for day-care centers and maternity and parental leaves from work, by which the women are given chances to stay in the labor market and further their careers without the disruption.