Moleculer bilogical study of origin and evolution of outer integument

心皮、双受精作用和两层珠被的外珠被是被子植物的特征。这些起源与被子植物的早期进化有关。YABBY基因家族在拟南芥中是已知的，其参与心皮和外珠被的形成。YABBY基因家族的大多数成员参与植物器官近轴-远轴极性的调控。YABBY基因家族的INO（INNER NO OUTER）基因在拟南芥中表达于外珠被。在ino突变体中，外珠被的生长被中止或受到限制。这表明INO与外珠被的发育和形态有关。以. thaliana的胚珠倒生，沿近轴-远轴方向沿着有极性，表现为外珠被的不对称形成和生长。这表明，A的外珠被存在近轴-远轴极性。thaliana.最近的分子系统发育分析表明，金缕梅科是分支在t ...更多信息 以被子植物为主，睡莲科次之。睡莲科的胚珠有倒生胚珠、半倒生胚珠和直生胚珠等多种类型。为了更好地理解外珠被的同源性和进化，研究在睡莲科等基部被子植物的外珠被中是否存在近轴-远轴极性是有用的。我们的目的是从睡莲科植物中分离INO和YABBY基因家族的同源物，并研究INO同源物在睡莲科植物中的表达模式。我们从B.S（FIL，YAB 2，INO）中分离到3个YABBY基因家族的同源物，其中2个来自Cabomba（FIL，YAB 2），1个来自N.j（FIL）。和睡莲Nymphaea alba（INO）、白睡莲N. Colorata（INO）.在原位杂交分析中，NaINO（睡莲）仅在外珠被的外层（表皮）中表达，如在拟南芥中一样。这表明N的外珠被存在类似的近轴-远轴模式。阿尔巴。这支持的假设，外珠被是同源的叶，并保留了近轴-远轴的身份。少

Carpels, double fertilization, and outer integument of the two integuments are characteristics of Angiosperms. These origin are connected with the early evolution of angiosperms. The YABBY gene family is known in Arabidopsis which participates in the formation of carpel and outer integument. Most of YABBY gene family perticipate in the control of adaxial-abaxial polarity of plant organs. INO (INNER NO OUTER) of YABBY gene family express outer integument of Arabidopsis thaliana. In ino mutants the growth of the outer integument is aborted or limited. This suggests the INO is concerned with the development and morphology of outer integument. In A. thaliana, the ovules are anatropous and have a polarity along the adaxial - abaxial axis, which is expressed in the asymmetrical formation and growth of the outer integument. This shows that the adaxial-abaxial polarity exists in the outer integument of A. thaliana. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyzes show that Amborellaceae is branched at t … More he base of angiosperms, followed by Nymphaeaceae. In Nymphaeaceae there are various types of ovules including anatropous ovules, hemianatropous ovules, and orthotropous ovules. To understand better the homology and evolution of the outer integument, it is useful to examine whether there is an adaxial-abaxial polarity even in the outer integument of basal angiosperms such as Nymphaeaceae. Our purpose is to isolate homologues of INO and YABBY gene families from Nymphaeaceae and examined the expression pattern of INO homologue in Nymphaeaceae. We isolated 3 homologues of YABBY gene family form B.S (FIL, YAB2, INO), two from Cabomba (FIL, YAB2), one from N.j (FIL). and Nymphaea alba (INO), N. colorata (INO). In in situ hybridization analysis, NaINO (Nymphaea alba) is expressed exclusively in the outer layer (epidermis) of the outer integument, as in Arabidopsis thaliana. This indicates that a similar adaxial-abaxial pattern is present in the outer integument of N. alba. This supports the hypothesis that the outer integument is homologous with a leaf and retains adaxial-abaxial identity. Less