Study on the historical small cities and territories in Tuscany

在本研究报告中，分析了托斯卡纳的以下八个地区。1菲乌马格拉、卢尼贾纳、2韦西利亚、3菲乌塞尔基奥、加尔法尼亚纳、4瓦尔迪涅沃莱、5菲乌阿尔诺下、6奥韦斯特迪佛罗伦萨、7瓦尔达诺内奥雷、8瓦莱泰贝里纳内奥雷，这些地区是根据地理、经济、政治和宗教等因素选择的研究对象。河谷、山脊、丘陵、高原、盆地、平原等地理要素构成了境内的自然空间结构。经济因素与商业道路的路线和方向有关，如Via Francigena，也与河流的运输有关。政治因素与吉贝里尼和盖勒菲的斗争以及强大城邦之间的斗争有关。作为宗教因素，主教的领地、与教皇的关系以及修道院的活动尤为重要。本文从城市结构、建筑空间和中世纪晚期的政治、经济、宗教等历史背景三个方面对这八个地区的43座历史小城进行了研究和分析。其结果是，每一个城市都不是独立形成的，而是在历史上与特定领土上的其他城市联系在一起。作为研究的下一阶段，其他6个领土将使用相同的方法进行分析，利用历史文献和图纸，详细说明了中世纪晚期托斯卡纳的城市和领土的形成过程。

In this research report, following eight territories in Tuscany are analyzed. 1 Fiume Magra, Lunigiana, 2 Versilia, 3 Fiume Serchio, Garfagnana, 4 Val di Nievole, 5 Fiume Arno Inferiore, 6 Ovest di Firenze, 7 Valdarno Superiore, 8 Valle Tiberina Superiore.These territories are selected as the objects of the research, according to geography, economy, politics and religion. Geographical factors as valley of stream and river, ridge of mountains, hill, plateau, basin, plain which compose the physical and spatial structure of the territory. Economical factors are connected to the route and direction of the commercial road as Via Francigena and also to the transportation of the river as Fiume Amo. Political factors are related to the battle between Guelfi and Ghibellini, and that among strong city-states. As religious factors, territory of bishop, relation with the Pope and activities of monastery, are especially important. The eight territories are specified by above-mentioned factors.The 43 historical small cities which compose the eight territories are researched and analyzed in terms of urban structure, architectural space and historical background which includes politics, economics and religion in the late medieval period. The result is that every single city had not been shaped independently but had been formed historically related with other cities in the specific territories. As the next stage of the research, other more 6 territories are going to be analyzed by the same method making use of historical documents and drawings which specify the formative process of the cities and territories in the late medieval Tuscany.