Electrochemical Protein Immobilization in Ordered Molecular Orientation for micro-TAS

细胞是生命系统中最小的功能和整合通讯单位。培养的细胞既能传递又能传递各种化学和物理信号，即，在特定组织和器官内，特定物质和蛋白质在其整个生命周期中的产生。这样的细胞反应可能是有用的参数，以获得化学信息的药物和化学安全性，药物疗效概况在体外作为筛选工具。然而，这样的细胞信号非常弱，并且不容易用常规分析方法检测。通过使用集成在芯片上的微和纳米生物技术方法，已经开发了更高的灵敏度和信号放大的细胞生物传感器。微米和纳米技术正在迅速发展，以开辟具有改进技术性能的新方法组合，通过将这些技术以小体积连接以确认特定的细胞信号，帮助解决具有挑战性的生物分析问题，包括灵敏度，信号分辨率和特异性。细胞信号在快速时间和小空间中的整合，以及重要的是，在不同细胞群体之间的整合（通信和系统建模）将允许对细胞对各种选择的刺激及其反馈的响应的动态方面进行更有价值的测量。这代表了基于细胞的生物传感的未来。

Cells represent the minimum functional and integrating communicable unit of living system. Cultured cells both transduce and transmit a variety of chemical and physical signals, I.e., production of specific substances and proteins, throughout their life cycle within specific tissues and organs. Such cellular responses might be usefully employed as parameters to obtain chemical information for both pharmaceutical and chemical safety, and drug efficacy profiles in vitro as a screening tool. However, such cellular signals are very weak and not easily detected with conventional analytical methods. By using micro-and nanobiotechnology methods integrated on-chip, a higher sensitivity and signal amplification has been developed for cellular biosensing. Micro- and nanotechology is rapidly evolving to open new combinations of methods with improved technical performance, helping to resolve challenging bioanalytical problems including sensitivity, signal resolution and specificity by interfacing these technologies in small volumes in order to confirm specific cellular signals. Integration of cell signals in both rapid time and small space, and importantly, between different cell populations (communication and systems modeling) will permit many more valuable measurements of the dynamic aspects of cell responses to various chosen stimuli and their feedback. This represents the future for cell-based biosensing.