Study on practical significance of knowledge of Fact, Act and Norm-Philosophical review of contrast between 'nature' and 'artificiality'

本研究旨在从社会、法律的、系统和伦理的角度阐明知识和认知的现实意义。为了达到这一目的，我们试图重新审视传统哲学中“自然”与“人工”的对比。主要研究者和研究者的研究成果如下：松永澄夫考察了知识与规范的关系，并描述了知识在习俗和社会制度中的作用。天野雅之考察了希腊哲学中的“physis”和“nomos”概念，高山守通过考察“自然”和“生命”的意义，重新思考了“自然”和“生命”的概念。黑格尔的“逻辑”和B、罗素的因果理论，并在此基础上探讨了生命、行为和规范的意义。一濑正树从实践的观点出发，在概率哲学、经验论、历史知识和贝叶斯认识论等领域，通过考虑因果问题，探讨了我们的知识是如何产生的。从胡塞尔现象学中有关“自然与精神”的问题出发，探讨了“自然与精神性”这一主题。由此可见，这些问题在胡塞尔那里是通过与狄尔泰和新康德哲学家的思想交锋而形成的，从胡塞尔的角度看，作为“人为性”的哲学具有伦理性。伊藤美重子走近康德哲学中的“自然”与“行为”，研究了它们之间的联系及其理论基础。毛纳卡学习法国伦理学，特别是列维纳斯和纳伯特的研究，明确了“苦难”和“邪恶”之间关系的重要方面。

In this research, we aimed to clarify the practical significance of knowledge and cognition from social, legal, systematic and ethical perspectives. To achieve this aim, we attempted to reexamine the traditional philosophical contrast between 'nature' and 'artificiality'. Each of the research achievements of head investigator and investigators is as follows.Sumio Matsunaga examined the situation in which knowledge concerns norm, and described how knowledge functions in custom and social system.Masayuki Amano examined the concepts of 'physis' and 'nomos' in Greek philosophy, and clarified the significance of those concepts.Mamoru Takayama reconsidered the concepts of 'nature' and 'life' through examining the significance of Hegel's "Logik" and causal theory of J.L.Mackie and B.Russell, and based on that, investigated the meanings of life, act, and norm.Masaki Ichinose investigated from a practical point of view how our knowledge is generated by taking the problem of causation into account concerning such fields as the philosophy of probability, vagueness, historical knowledge, and Bayesian epistemology.Tetsuya Sakakibara, who has participated in this research since 2003, approached a theme "Nature and Artificiality" from view point of problems concerning "Nature and Spirit" in Husserl's Phenomenology. Consequently, it has become clear that in Husserl these problems have been formed through a confrontation with thoughts of Dilthey and neokantian philosophers and a philosophy as "artificiality" has an ethicality when one consider it in perspective of Husserl.Mieko Itoh approached "Nature" and "Act" in philosophy of Kant, and studied their connection and their theoretical base.Mao Naka studied French Ethics, especially that of Levinas and Nabert and this study made clear important aspects of a rapport between "Suffering" and "Evil".