A Study of Perceptual Systems in Phenomenology and Ecological Psychology

感知的本质是什么？传统上，知觉通常被认为是意识的基本模型。本研究的目的是通过比较现象学的知觉理论与19 - 20世纪其他知觉理论来考察知觉的本质<th><th>。为了进一步探讨这个主题，有三点需要说明：第一点是把各种知觉理论分为三种一般类型：1）直接实在论，2）代表实在论，3）唯心论。直接实在论接受实在论的物质世界观，认为对物质世界的感性访问是直接的。代表性实在论也接受实在论的物理世界观，但对这个世界的感性访问需要某种表征作为中介。唯心主义既拒绝实在论的物理世界观，也拒绝知觉对世界的直接接触。第二点是探讨知觉的表象论与知觉的反表象论之间的冲突。具体地说，需要比较关于知觉的两种重要立场：代表现实主义（计算方法或联结主义）和直接实在论（吉布森的知觉生态心理学）。第三点是关注唯心主义，并研究它的某些类型。它们可以分为两类：（1）物质理想主义（贝克莱，笛卡尔），2）形式唯心主义（康德）。如果我们试图把知觉的现象学解释纳入知觉理论的逻辑地理学中，这是从上面的三点划定的，本文将清楚地看到，“知觉系统”这一概念不仅是吉布森方法的特征，而且也是胡塞尔知觉观的特征。虽然注意到它们之间的差异是重要的（前者是基于直接实在论，后者是一种唯心主义），但我们可以在其中找到对知觉的互动理解。

What is the nature of perception? By tradition, perception is often regarded as the basic model of consciousness. The aim of this study is to examine the nature of perception, by means of comparing the phenomenological theory on perception with other perceptual theories in 19^<th>-20^<th> centuries. To explore a little further into this theme, three points need to be made.The first point is to classify various perceptual theories into three general types : 1)direct realism, 2)representative realism, 3)idealism. Direct realism accepts realist view of physical world and takes perceptual access to this world to be direct. Representative realism accepts realist view of physical world too, but takes perceptual access to this world to be mediated by some kind of representations. Idealism refuses both realist view of physical world and directness of perceptual access to the world.The second point is to inquire the conflict between representational theory of perception and anti-representational theory of it. To put it more concretely, it is needed to compare two important stances about perception : representative realism (computational approaches or connectionism) and direct realism (Gibson's ecological psychology of perception).The third point is to focus attention to idealism and investigate some types of it. They may fall into two categories : 1)material idealism (Berkeley, Descartes), 2)formal idealism (Kant).If we try to situate phenomenological interpretation of perception into the logical geography of perceptual theory that was delineated from three points in the above, it will clear that the concept "perceptual systems" is characteristics, not only of Gibsonian approach, but also of Husserlian view of perception. Although it is important to note the differences between them (the former is based on the direct realism, the latter is a kind of idealism), we can find the interactionisitic understandings of perception in them.