A Study of the Isomorphism of the Concepts and Acts of Self-Sacrifice, Self-Alienation, and Love

自我牺牲、自我异化和爱的概念具有共同的概念结构，即现实的自我否定和想象的自我实现相结合。通过自我否定来实现自我的悖论结构可以被认为是隐藏在几乎所有人类社会互动之下的基本方案。这项研究计划处理的正是这种矛盾的结构。2002年，我解决了早期人类学的方法论问题。弗朗茨·博阿斯和他的弟子是第一批试图用科学方法理解人类社会互动结构的人类学家。我把鲁思·本尼迪克特的《文化模式》作为他们方法论安排的代表。我发现，她对西方文明的批评和文化相对主义的推荐是建立在个人的平等、自由和自主的基础上的。换句话说，即使是博阿兹的人类学家也无法逃脱现代的韦斯特…只要他们把自主的个体作为任何人类社会的共同基础，就会有更多的RN哲学神话。只有对自主性进行分析，才能把握自我否定与自我实现的悖论关系。因为自主性的概念已经包含了其中的悖论结构。2003年，我解决了儿童自我意识发展的问题。在过去的二十年里，发展心理学家们一直在试图理解儿童时期获得“心理理论”的过程。他们研究的最有趣的结果之一是发现了这样一个事实，即大多数四岁以下的儿童不能将错误的信念归因于人，不仅归因于他人，也归因于自己。这一事实与普遍的哲学假设--人有特权接触自己的思想--不符。心理学家告诉我们，至少一个人对自己心灵的觉知的某些方面必须是一个人的结果，也是同一个认知系统的结果，这个认知系统使我们有可能理解他人头脑中的想法。自我意识不是一个简单的实体，而是一个由许多发展链组成的复杂实体。这种矛盾的结构可能是通过自我意识的多个层面之间的冲突而产生的。2004年，我解决了自我牺牲的问题。我处理了马克·卡尔·奥沃德的论点。他告诉我们，接受自我概念的多样性是不可避免的，除非我们在谈论自利和自我牺牲时陷入矛盾。根据奥沃德的论点，我们可以对自我牺牲的行为给出令人信服的解释，例如马克西米亚诺·科尔贝神父的行为。当他想在奥斯威辛集中营代替另一名囚犯被杀时，他并没有指望以间接的方式增加自己的私利，而是做出了真正的利他主义的自我牺牲行为。然而，在这种情况下，我们目睹了一个场景，纯粹利他主义的爱的信条剥夺了这个人自己的生命。诚然，自我牺牲的行为是爱的行为，但它也是一种自我疏远的行为，因为纯粹的爱的理想可能会使一个人的生命与那个人疏远。通过自我否定来实现自我的悖论结构产生于自我概念的多个层面之间的冲突。较少

The concepts of self-sacrifice, self-alienation and love have the common ideational structure that consists in the combination of actual self-negation and imaginary self-realization. The paradoxical structure of self-realization through self-negation can be regarded as the basic scheme which lies beneath almost all human social interactions. It is this paradoxical structure that the research was planned to deal with.In 2002,I tackled the methodological problem of early anthropology. Franz Boas and his disciples were the first anthropologists that tried to understand the structure of human social interaction with the scientific method. I took Ruth Benedict's Patterns of Culture as the representative of their methodological arrangements. I found that her criticism of the Western civilization and recommendation of cultural relativism was constructed upon the equality, liberty, and autonomy of an individual. In other words, even the Boazian anthropologists could not escape the modern Weste … More rn philosophical myth as long as they took the autonomous individual as the common basis for any human society. The paradoxical relation of self-negation and self-realization could not be grasped unless the analysis of autonomy should be done. It is because the concept of autonomy already contains the paradoxical structure in it.In 2003,I tackled the problem of development of self-awareness in children. During last two decades, developmental psychologists have been trying to understand the acquisition of the ‘theory of mind' in childhood. One of the most interesting results of their study is the discovery of the fact that most of the children under four-year-old cannot attribute a false belief to people, not only to others but also to themselves. The fact is at odds with the common philosophical assumption that a human being has the privileged access to her own thoughts. The psychologists tell us that at least some aspect of the awareness of one's own mind must be an outcome of one and the same cognitive system that makes it possible for us to understand others' thoughts in their mind. The self consciousness is not a simple entity but a complex one made up of many developmental strands. The paradoxical structure could be brought about through the conflicts between the multiple strata of the self consciousness.In 2004,I tackled the problem of self-sacrifice. I dealt with Mark Carl Overvold's argument. He shows us that it is inevitable for us to accept the multiplicity of the conception of self unless we like to fall into a contradiction whenever we talk about self-interest and self-sacrifice.In the light of Overvold's argument, we can give a cogent account for an act of self-sacrifice, for example, the act of Father Maximiliano Kolbe. When he wanted to be killed in place of another prisoner in the Concentration Camp in Auschwitz, he did not look forward to increasing his self-interest in an oblique way but made a truly altruistic act of self-sacrifice. In this case, however, we witness a scene in which the creed of pure altruistic love deprives the man of his own life. It is true that an act of self-sacrifice is an act of love but it is also an act of self-alienation in that the ideal of pure love could alienate a person's life from the very person. The paradoxical structure of self-realization through self-negation emerges from the conflicts between the multiple strata of the conception of self. Less