Linguistic and Phonetic Approach to Fluency Disorders

本研究试图阐明日语、英语和韩语不流利的语音和语音模式及环境。这些模式和环境可能会给我们提供一种方法来找出言语不流利的因素。它们还可能向我们展示语言细节的言语产生过程中的提示。为了做到这一点，分析的对象集中在重复风格的不流利上。在正常的连通言语中，口吃者和非口吃者经常或有时会产生这种重复。因此，将其作为言语样本进行提取并不困难。收集良好的言语不流利样本是研究的第一阶段。在韩国，大约3500个口吃样本和背景样本是在韩国口吃自助小组会议上的发言中提取的。下一次收集的样本应该是汉语不流利。但…阻止了获取中国样本。因此，下一阶段是分析收集到的韩国样本更多的包括电视脱口秀节目中非口吃者的不流利样本。而不是中国的样品。印尼非口吃者的不流利样本和背景样本是通过8小时的印尼电视脱口秀节目收集的。但到2004年底，还没有找到获取印度尼西亚语口吃样本的方法，因此，只有口吃者和非口吃者产生的韩语不流利才能与其他语言日语和英语进行对比分析。它被组织成关于流利性障碍的跨语言研究。分析的样品总数约为1.9万个，其中包括背景样品。日语和英语都是同一作者的研究样本(Ujihira 2000,2003)。这一分析揭示了成人言语中不流利的三个显著特征：(I)大部分不流利出现在单词的首字母；(Ii)重复单位反映了音系单位(CVC音节的一个组成部分：首发、Mora或音节本身)。但每种语言的相当数量的重复将CVC音节分解为CV和V，口吃者样本中的C单位重复次数多于非口吃者样本中的C单位重复次数。(3)从语音转换缺陷的角度，统计分析表明，在日语、英语和韩语中，口吃者和非口吃者发生不流利的环境存在显著差异。停顿(塞音)是口吃者说话不流畅的触发点。另一方面，鼻音在非口吃者的讲话中会引起不流畅。这一结果表明，口吃者的不流利性和非口吃者的不流利性具有不同的背景，即不同的产生不流利性的过程，尽管两者的不流利性是相同的形式。较少

This research attempts to illuminate the phonetic and phonological patterns and environments underlying disfluency in Japanese, English and Korean. The patterns and the environments may be able to give us a way to find the factor of speech disfluency. They may also show us a hint on the process of speech production of language specifics. To do this, the object for analysis focuses on a repetition style of disfluency. In the normal connected speech, both stuterers and nonstutterers often or sometimes produce this kind of repetition. So it's not difficult to pick them up as speech samples.Collecting good samples of speech disfluency was the first stage of the research. In Korea about 3500 stuttering samples and the background samples were picked up in the speeches at the meeting of the Korean stuttering self-help group. The next collecting samples would have been Chinese disfluency. But Sars prevented from getting Chinese samples.So the next stage was to analyze collected Korean samples … More including nonstutterers' disfluency samples from TV talk show programs. Instead of Chinese samples. Indonesian nonstutterers' disfluency samples and the background samples were collected through 8-hours Indonesian TV talk show programs. But the way to get stutters' samples in Indonesian could not be found by the end of 2004.Therefore, only Korean disfluency produced by stutterers and nonstutterers can be analyzed and contrasted with the other languages, Japanese and English. It is organized into The Cross-Linguistic Study on Fluency Disorders. Analyzed total samples are about 19,000 including background samples. Japanese are English samples are from previous studies by the same author (Ujihira 2000, 2003).This analysis has revealed three salient characteristics of disfluency in adult speech : (i)Most of the disfluency appears at the word initial, (ii)The unit of repetition reflects the phonological unit (a constituent of CVC syllable : onset, mora, or syllable itself)). But considerable number of repetitions of each language breaks CVC syllables into CV and V. And the C-unit repetition in stuttterers' samples is more than that in nonstutterers'. (iii)From the viewpoint of a phonetic transition defect, the statistic analysis has revealed that the environments where disfluency occurs are remarkably different between stutterers and nonstutterers in Japanese, English, and Korean. The stops (Plosives) are trigger for disfluency in stutterers' speech. On the other hand the nasals draws disfluency in nonstutterers' speech. This result suggests that the stutterers' disfluency and the nonnstutterers' kind have different backgrounds, in other words different processes for production of disfluency, though both of the styles of disfluency are the same form. Less