The Background of Fluency Disorders : Language Universality and Diversity

关于不流畅的研究有三个结果。第一是阐明语际言语的语音模式。在讲话中，音节起着普遍音位单位的作用。日语学习者的初学者，英语、汉语和韩语，在他们的日语讲话中，用一个音节代替母语的主要语音单位。另一方面，高级学习者的优势语音单位是莫尔或母语的语音单位。二是阐明了日语（京汉话）和汉语（北京话）之间存在的一种共同的口吃倾向。口吃者产生的不流利是依附于不流利位点的下一个韵律标记。标记音是降音高。换句话说，它是日语的重音核，也是汉语的第四音。这一发现是基于对日语和汉语连接语音样本的统计分析。第三，建议通过对语言多样性的详细调查，明确口吃和非口吃的区别。重复这个词一直是讨论的主题，无论它是否是口吃的症状。与peter Howell教授（伦敦大学学院）合作，研究表明，英语口吃者会重复很多完整的单词，而日语口吃者则不会。所以整个单词的重复并不总是口吃的标志。这一结论是基于日语和英语口吃对比研究的积累，以及日语和英语在形态和句法结构上的差异。

There are three results of the study on disfluencies. The first one is elucidation of phonological pattern underlying inter language speech. In the speech a syllable takes on the role of acting as the universal phonological unit. The novices of Japanese learners, English, Chinese and Korean, substitute a syllable for the dominant phonological unit of the mother tongue in their Japanese speech. On the other hand the advanced leaners' dominant phonological units are morae or those of their mother tongues.The second one is illumination of a common tendency of stuttering between Japanese (Keihan dialect) and Chinese (Beijing dialect). The stutterers produce disfluency adhering to the next prosodic marker to the loci of disfluency. The marker is the descending pitch. In the other words, it is the accent nucleus in Japanese and No.4 tone in Chinese. The finding is based on statistical analysis of connected speech samples in Japanese and Chinese.The third one is the suggestion of making a clear distinction between stuttering and not stuttering with the detailed investigation of language diversity. The whole word repetition has been the theme of discussions whether it is a symptom of stuttering or not. Cooperating with Prof.Peter Howell (University College London), it was shown that the stutterers in English create many whole word repetitions but the stutterers in Japanese don't do many. So the whole word repetition is not always a sign of stuttering. This conclusion is based on the accumulation of contrastive study of Japanese and English stuttering, and the difference of morphological and syntactic structures between Japanese and English.