Types of administrative suit and its procedure in early modern Japan

在日本近代初期（德川时代），有三种诉讼类型：民事诉讼、刑事诉讼和行政诉讼。行政诉讼有点像请愿书。这类诉讼经常被民众告上法庭。最重要的行政诉讼类型之一是行政诉讼类型。被某些人侵犯的人对这些人提起了赔偿诉讼，要求公职人员采取适当措施。在诉讼程序上，释明诉讼在一个阶段与民事诉讼程序相似，在另一个阶段与刑事诉讼程序相似。这些官员在处理行政争议时似乎需要这两个阶段的程序。这可能是日本式的行政纠纷解决方式。行政诉讼程序是介于民事诉讼程序和刑事诉讼程序之间的一种中间类型。可以说，江户时代的诉讼制度就是由这三种诉讼程序构成的。

In the early modern time of Japan(Tokugawa period), there were three types of suits ; the civil suits, criminal suits and administrative suits. Administrative suits were something like petitions. This kind of suits was frequently filed to the public officers by the people. One of the most important types of administrative suits was the type of accusatory suit. People who were trespassed by some persons filed accusatory suits against the persons, and asked for the public officers to take appropriate measures. The procedure of accusatory suits was similar to these of civil suits in one phase, but in other phase, similar to those of criminal suits. It seemed that the officers needed both phases of procedures when they deal with the administrative disputes. This may be the Japanese style of administrative dispute resolutions. The procedure of administrative suits was the middle style between civil procedure and criminal procedure. We would say that the system of suits in Edo period was constituted by these three types of procedures.