Formation of the axes of cleavages concerning the social and economic policies in France after 1995

本研究旨在对20世纪90年代富裕民主国家，特别是法国的社会经济政策的分裂轴线进行比较分析。研究者将保罗·皮尔森提出的福利国家改革的新政治学模型应用于20世纪80年代和90年代法国福利国家改革的政治进程。皮尔逊认为，紧缩政治与旧政治、扩大福利的政治有很大的不同。在大陆福利国家中，法国福利国家的重组似乎比较困难。然而，在20世纪90年代，人们可以发现，法国福利国家的格局已经解冻，福利制度的重大创新已经启动。法国福利制度的制度构成了这些创新，这不仅是经济和社会问题丛生的结果，也是各种…冲突的结果更多的社会经济行为者及其政策方案，以及关于社会和经济政策的新分裂形成的条件。尽管支持20世纪80年代的旧政治假说，但证据表明，新的政治视角更能解释90年代法国福利国家转型的政治过程。与许多流行的描述相反，这种比较而具体的国家(法国)分析论证了全球化和欧洲一体化并没有产生国家社会和经济政策的趋同，但人们不能忽视全球化和欧洲一体化对二战后福利国家和社会契约变化的影响。但欧盟于2000年3月推出的里斯本战略的经验表明，欧洲一体化与国家政治之间的关系是如此复杂，以至于可以将国家重新分配等同于社会和经济政策的去欧洲化。里斯本战略于2000年3月启动，目的是提高欧洲经济的竞争力，重建社会包容和改善欧洲治理。我们必须审查国家、区域和全球各级的分歧和趋同的动态。较少

This research project is aimed at contributing to the development of the comparative anlalyses of the axes of cleavages concerning the social and economic policies in affluent democracies, especially in France, in the 1990s.The investigator applied the model of the new politics of Welfare State restructuing, proposed by Paul Pierson, to the political process of French welfare state reform in the 1980s and 1990s. According to Pierson, the politics of retrenchment is very different from the old politics, the politics of the welfare expansion. Among the continental welfare states, it seemed to be difficult to restructure French welfare state. In the 1990s, however, one could find that the landscape of French welfare state has been defrosted and the important innovations of the welfare system have launched. Institutions of French welfare system structured these innovations, which are not only the result of the constellation of the economic and societal problems, the conflicts of various so … More cio-economic actors and their policy programmes, but also the conditions of the formation of the new cleavages concerning the social and economic policies. Despite support for the old politics hypothesis in the 1980s, the evidence shows that the new politics perspectives can explain more the political process of the French welfare state restructuring in the 1990s.In contrast to many prevailing accounts, this comparative and specific country (France) analyses demontrate that the globalization and European integration have not produced the convergence of national social and economic policies, whereas one could not ignore the impact of the globalization and European integration on the changes of the welfare states and social contract in the post-world-war era. But the experiences of the Lisbon strategy, launched by the EU in March 2000 in order to make the European economy more competitive, rebuild the social inclusion and improve the European governance, shows that the relation between the European integration and the national politics is so complicated that national reallocation could be identified with de-Europeanisation of social and economic policies. We must examine the dynamics of the divergence and the convergence at national, regional and global level. Less