Hard X-ray imaging observations of non-thermal phenomena in Universe

为了探索非热宇宙，我们研制了硬x射线望远镜，并进行了五次硬x射线成像气球实验，包括试飞。我们从观测中得到了一些非热现象的建议。(1)硬x射线望远镜的发展作为增强硬x射线反射的关键技术，我们开发了梯度密度Pt/C多层“超级镜面”。将沉积在玻璃圆筒上的多层膜复制到带有环氧树脂层的薄铝箔壳上。为气球实验飞行望远镜制作了1000多个镜壳。它们被组装成一台望远镜，并被带到同步加速器光束设施进行校准。此外，我们还引进了一台生产高精度金属芯轴的机器。最后，我们成功地获得了rms为0.3 nm、波浪形小于1微米的非晶镍包覆铝芯棒。(2) InFOCuS气球实验（2004年5月31日和2004年9月16日…更多来自美国NM堡Sumner）我们与NASA/GSFC团队合作InFOCuS项目进行硬x射线成像气球实验。2004年9月，我们成功地观测到了Cyg X-1、Her X-1、4U 0115等几个能量在25 ~ 40 keV范围内的天体，而2004年5月，仰角驱动系统出现了故障。脉冲周期和光谱由4u0115得到。在CygX-1附近，发现了一些延伸的辐射，与无线电瓣相吻合。它可能是高能粒子通过逆康普顿散射产生的辐射。(3) SUMIT气球实验（2006年11月19日，巴西）在三陆岛（2005年5月）和巴西（2005年12月）的测试飞行后，我们带来了我们开发的气球有效载荷。两个硬x射线望远镜与两个成像焦平面探测器一起安装。它是由ISAS/INPE气球小组于2006年11月19日发射的。虽然由于地面站（断电）和传输系统的问题，我们无法得到真实的观测结果，但系统的大部分功能都在现场进行了测试。(4)用Newton和Suzaku观测星系团和活动星系核我们也为Suzaku的发射和运行做出了贡献，并正在分析来自星系团和活动星系的数据。少

In order to explore non-thermal Universe, we have developed hard X-ray telescopes and performed hard X-ray imaging balloon experiments five times, including test flights. We got some suggestions of non-thermal phenomena from observations.(1) Developments of hard X-ray telescopesAs the key technology to enhance hard X-ray reflection, we have developed Pt/C multilayer of graded density, so called "Super mirror". Multilayer deposited on a glass cylinder is replicated to the thin Al foil shells with epoxy layer. For the flight telescopes of balloon experiments, more than 1000 mirror shells were produced in our laboratory. They were assembled into a telescope and it was brought to the synchrotron beam facility for the calibration. In addition, we have introduced a machine to produce high precision metal mandrels. Finally we are successful to get amorphous Ni coated Al mandrel with 0.3 nm rms and less waviness than1 micron.(2) InFOCuS balloon experiments (May 31, 2004 and September 16, 2004 … More from Fort Sumner, NM, USA)We have collaborated with the NASA/GSFC team for InFOCuS project to perform hard X-ray imaging balloon experiments. In September 2004, we were successful to observe several objects, Cyg X-1, Her X-1, 4U 0115 and so on in the energy range from 25 to 40 keV, while the elevation drive system did not work well in May 2004. The pulse period and spectra were obtained from 4U 0115. Around CygX-1, some extended emission was found in the vicinity, which coincides with the radio lobe. It could be the emission from high energy particles by the inverse-Compton scattering.(3) SUMIT balloon experiment(November 19, 2006 from Brazil)After the test flights from Sanriku(May 2005) and from Brazil(December 2005), we have brought the balloon payload we have developed. Two hard X-ray telescopes were installed together with two imaging focal plane detectors. It was launched by ISAS/INPE balloon teams, on November 19, 2006. Most function of the system was tested in the assent, though the troubles of the ground station (power down) and transmission system prevented us to get real observational results.(4) Observation of clusters and active galactic nuclei with Newton and SuzakuWe also contributed to launch and operate Suzaku and are analyzing data from clusters and active galaxies. Less